The Plague of Justinian (541–542 AD) was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and especially its capital, Constantinople, as well as the Sasanian Empire, and port cities around the entire Mediterranean Sea,
as merchant ships harbored rats that carried fleas infected with
plague. One of the deadliest plagues in history, the devastating
pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25–50 million people
during two centuries of recurrence, a death toll equivalent to 13–26% of
the world's population at the time of the first outbreak. The plague's social and cultural impact has been compared to that of the similar Black Death that devastated Europe in the Middle Ages, 600 years after the last outbreak of Justinian's plague.
In 2013, researchers confirmed earlier speculation that the cause of the Plague of Justinian was Yersinia pestis, the same bacterium responsible for Black Plague (1347–1351), which was much shorter, but still killed an estimated one-third to one-half of Europeans. Ancient and modern Yersinia pestisstrains closely related to the ancestor of the Justinian plague strain have been found in Tian Shan, a system of mountain ranges on the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and China, suggesting that the Justinian plague may have originated in or near that region.
Procopius, a Greek who was the principal historian of the 6th century, described the pandemic as worldwide in scope, and this first plague returned periodically until the eighth century. The waves of disease had a major effect on the subsequent course of European history.
"Bahram V (Middle Persian: ?????? Wahrām), also known as Bahram Gor (Persian: بهرام گور, "Bahram the onager") was the fifteenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling from 420 to 438.
The son of Yazdegerd I, Bahram was exiled at an early age to the Lahkmid court in al-Hira, where he was raised under the tutolage of the Lakhmid kings. After the assassination of Yazdegerd I, Bahram hurried to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon
with a Lakhmid army, and won the favour of the nobles and priests,
according to a long-existing popular legend, after withstanding a trial
against two lions.
Bahram V's reign was generally peaceful, with two brief wars—first against his western neighbours, the Eastern Roman Empire, and then against his eastern neighbours, the Hephthalites, who were disturbing the Sasanian eastern provinces"
The Prieuré de Sion ([pʁi.jœ.ʁe də sjɔ̃]), translated as Priory of Sion, was a fringe fraternal organisation, founded and dissolved in France in 1956 by Pierre Plantard
as part of a hoax. Plantard was a French fascist, imprisoned in 1943
for association with a secret group called Alpha Galates. In the 1960s,
Plantard created a fictitious history for the Alpha Galates
organization, describing it as a secret society founded by Godfrey of Bouillon on Mount Zion in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1099, conflating it with a genuine historical monastic order, the Abbey of Our Lady of Mount Zion. In Plantard's version, the Priory was devoted to installing a secret bloodline of the Merovingian dynasty on the thrones of France and the rest of Europe. This myth was expanded upon and popularised by the 1982 pseudohistorical book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail and later presented in the preface of the 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code.
In The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, the authors put forward a hypothesis that the historical Jesus married Mary Magdalene, had one or more children, and that those children or their descendants emigrated to what is now southern France. Once there, they intermarried with the noble families that would eventually become the Merovingian dynasty, whose special claim to the throne of France is championed today by a secret society called the Priory of Sion. They concluded that the legendary Holy Grail is simultaneously the womb of Mary Magdalene and the sacred royal bloodline she gave birth to.
The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from the middle of the 5th century until 751. They first appear as "Kings of the Franks" in the Roman army of northern Gaul.
By 509 they had united all the Franks and northern Gaulish Romans under
their rule. They conquered most of Gaul, defeating the Visigoths (507) and the Burgundians (534), and also extended their rule into Raetia (537). In Germania, the Alemanni, Bavarii and Saxons accepted their lordship. The Merovingian realm was the largest and most powerful of the states of western Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The term "Merovingian" comes from medieval LatinMerovingi or Merohingi ("sons of Merovech"), an alteration of an unattested Frankish form, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing, with the final -ing being a typical Germanicpatronymic suffix. The name derives from the possibly legendary King Merovech. Unlike the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies, the Merovingians never claimed descent from a god, nor is there evidence that they were regarded as sacred.
Borgia Family, Spanish Borja, descendants of a noble line, originally from Valencia, Spain, that established roots in Italy and became prominent in ecclesiastical
and political affairs in the 1400s and 1500s. The house of the Borgias
produced two popes and many other political and church leaders. Some
members of the family became known for their treachery.
7 In
the first year of King Belshazzar of Babylon, Daniel had a dream and
visions of his head as he lay in bed. Then he wrote down the dream:[a] 2 I,[b] Daniel, saw in my vision by night the four winds of heaven stirring up the great sea, 3 and four great beasts came up out of the sea, different from one another. 4 The
first was like a lion and had eagles’ wings. Then, as I watched, its
wings were plucked off, and it was lifted up from the ground and made to
stand on two feet like a human being; and a human mind was given to it.
5 Another beast appeared, a second one, that looked like a bear. It was raised up on one side, had three tusks[c] in its mouth among its teeth and was told, “Arise, devour many bodies!” 6 After
this, as I watched, another appeared, like a leopard. The beast had
four wings of a bird on its back and four heads; and dominion was given
to it. 7 After
this I saw in the visions by night a fourth beast, terrifying and
dreadful and exceedingly strong. It had great iron teeth and was
devouring, breaking in pieces, and stamping what was left with its feet.
It was different from all the beasts that preceded it, and it had ten
horns. 8 I
was considering the horns, when another horn appeared, a little one
coming up among them; to make room for it, three of the earlier horns
were plucked up by the roots. There were eyes like human eyes in this
horn, and a mouth speaking arrogantly.
Judgment before the Ancient One
9 As I watched, thrones were set in place, and an Ancient One[d] took his throne, his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels were burning fire. 10 A stream of fire issued and flowed out from his presence. A thousand thousands served him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood attending him. The court sat in judgment, and the books were opened.
11 I
watched then because of the noise of the arrogant words that the horn
was speaking. And as I watched, the beast was put to death, and its body
destroyed and given over to be burned with fire. 12 As for the rest of the beasts, their dominion was taken away, but their lives were prolonged for a season and a time. 13 As I watched in the night visions,
I saw one like a human being[e] coming with the clouds of heaven. And he came to the Ancient One[f] and was presented before him. 14 To him was given dominion and glory and kingship, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that shall not pass away, and his kingship is one that shall never be destroyed.
Daniel’s Visions Interpreted
15 As for me, Daniel, my spirit was troubled within me,[g] and the visions of my head terrified me. 16 I
approached one of the attendants to ask him the truth concerning all
this. So he said that he would disclose to me the interpretation of the
matter: 17 “As for these four great beasts, four kings shall arise out of the earth. 18 But the holy ones of the Most High shall receive the kingdom and possess the kingdom forever—forever and ever.”
19 Then
I desired to know the truth concerning the fourth beast, which was
different from all the rest, exceedingly terrifying, with its teeth of
iron and claws of bronze, and which devoured and broke in pieces, and
stamped what was left with its feet; 20 and
concerning the ten horns that were on its head, and concerning the
other horn, which came up and to make room for which three of them fell
out—the horn that had eyes and a mouth that spoke arrogantly, and that
seemed greater than the others. 21 As I looked, this horn made war with the holy ones and was prevailing over them, 22 until the Ancient One[h]
came; then judgment was given for the holy ones of the Most High, and
the time arrived when the holy ones gained possession of the kingdom.
6 Then
I saw the Lamb open one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four
living creatures call out, as with a voice of thunder, “Come!”[a] 2 I looked, and there was a white horse! Its rider had a bow; a crown was given to him, and he came out conquering and to conquer.
3 When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature call out, “Come!”[b] 4 And out came[c]
another horse, bright red; its rider was permitted to take peace from
the earth, so that people would slaughter one another; and he was given a
great sword.
5 When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature call out, “Come!”[d] I looked, and there was a black horse! Its rider held a pair of scales in his hand, 6 and I heard what seemed to be a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat for a day’s pay,[e] and three quarts of barley for a day’s pay,[f] but do not damage the olive oil and the wine!”
7 When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature call out, “Come!”[g] 8 I
looked and there was a pale green horse! Its rider’s name was Death,
and Hades followed with him; they were given authority over a fourth of
the earth, to kill with sword, famine, and pestilence, and by the wild
animals of the earth.
"The Four Perils (Chinese: 四凶; pinyin: Sì Xiōng) are four malevolent beings that existed in Chinese mythology, and the antagonistic counterparts of the Four Benevolent Animals."
"APART from protectors and god-like creatures, there are also
evil-beings in Chinese myths. Si Xiong, or the Four Evils, are one of
the most famous.
The Four Evils are Tao Tie饕餮, Hun Dun混沌, Qiong Qi穷奇 and Tao Wu梼杌.
Each holds evil characteristics such as encouraging greed, distorting
truth, and making wars. The evil beasts’ names are still often referred
to as metaphors out of superstition.
Some legends suggest the four evils were born from four evil and
rebellious tribe leaders after they died in ancient times: San Miao三苗,
Huan Dou驩兜, Gong Gong共工 and Gun鲧. They ruled in the reign of the Shun
Emperor 舜帝, who was defeated and exiled in the end. But there are many
other stories of the origins of the beasts."
"Four Barbarians was a derogatory Chinese term[citation needed] for various ancient non-Chinese peoples bordering ancient China, namely, the Dōngyí東夷 "Eastern Barbarians", Nánmán南蠻 "Southern Barbarians", Xīróng西戎 "Western Barbarians", and Běidí北狄 "Northern Barbarians"."
"Yi, Man, Rong, and Di were further generalized into compounds (such as Róngdí, Mányí, and Mányíróngdí)
denoting "non-Chinese; foreigners; barbarians." Hieroglyphics refer to
these groups all have a section for indicating "animal/insect".
Nowadays, Chinese characters have omitted this symbolic section, so the
Chinese characters quoted above only have the "dog symbol" 犭 in the word Dí狄.
The Yi ("Barbarian") had both specific denotations (e.g., Huaiyi 淮夷 "Huai River barbarians" and Xiyi 西夷 "western barbarians") and generalized references to "barbarian" (e.g., Sìyí "Four Barbarians"). The sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983: 440) says the name Yi
"furnished the primary Chinese term for 'barbarian'," but
"Paradoxically the Yi were considered the most civilized of the
non-Chinese peoples."
The Old Chinese pronunciation of Modern Chinese yí 夷 is reconstructed as *dyər (Bernhard Karlgren), *ɤier (Zhou Fagao), *ləj (William H. Baxter), and *l(ə)i (Axel Schuessler). Schuessler (2007: 563) defines Yi
as "The name of non-Chinese tribes, prob[ably] Austroasiatic, to the
east and southeast of the central plain (Shandong, Huái River basin),
since the Spring and Autumn period also a general word for 'barbarian'",
and proposes a "sea" etymology, "Since the ancient Yuè (=Viet) word for
'sea' is said to have been yí, the people's name might have originated as referring to people living by the sea"."
"The modern character 夷 for yi, like the Qin Dynastyseal script, is composed of 大 "big" and 弓 "bow" – but the earliest Shang Dynastyoracle bone script was used interchangeably for yi and shi尸 "corpse", depicting a person with bent back and dangling legs (Hanyu Da Zidian 1986 1: 527). The archeologist and scholar Guo Moruo believed the oracle graph for yi
denotes "a dead body, i.e., the killed enemy", while the bronze graph
denotes "a man bound by a rope, i.e., a prisoner or slave" (Huang 2013:
462). Ignoring this historical paleography, the Chinese historian K. C. Wu (1982: 107–108) claimed that Yi
夷 should not be translated as "barbarian" because the modern graph
implies a big person carrying a bow, someone to perhaps be feared or
respected, but not to be despised.
The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi character dictionary, defines yi 夷 as "men of the east” 東方之人也. The scholar Léon Wieger provided multiple definitions to the term yi:
“The men 大 armed with bows 弓, the primitive inhabitants, barbarians,
borderers of the Eastern Sea, inhabitants of the South-West countries.""
The Divine Beasts are mechanical constructs from The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. There are four Divine Beasts; Vah Ruta, Vah Medoh, Vah Rudania and Vah Naboris, each of which were corrupted by Calamity Ganon during the Great Calamity causing disasters all over Hyrule. Link must free them from corruption by entering their innards and returning them to their owners, the four Champions. The Beasts' innards function as dungeons and Link has to battle their bosses. Once set free, the four Divine Beasts will help Link confront and defeat Calamity Ganon.
1 God has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgment: 2 “How long will you judge unjustly and show partiality to the wicked?Selah 3 Give justice to the weak and the orphan; maintain the right of the lowly and the destitute. 4 Rescue the weak and the needy; deliver them from the hand of the wicked.”
5 They have neither knowledge nor understanding, they walk around in darkness; all the foundations of the earth are shaken.
6 I say, “You are gods, children of the Most High, all of you; 7 nevertheless, you shall die like mortals, and fall like any prince.”[a]
8 Rise up, O God, judge the earth; for all the nations belong to you!
Jeremiah 31:27-34
27 Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man, and with the seed of beast.
28 And
it shall come to pass, that like as I have watched over them, to pluck
up, and to break down, and to throw down, and to destroy, and to
afflict; so will I watch over them, to build, and to plant, saith the Lord.
29 In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten a sour grape, and the children's teeth are set on edge.
30 But every one shall die for his own iniquity: every man that eateth the sour grape, his teeth shall be set on edge.
31 Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah:
32 Not
according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day
that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt;
which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith
the Lord:
33 But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the Lord, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.
34 And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.
During the ascension of the mythical Raksha demon King Ravana, some Deva
people migrated to other places like present-day North Malabar of
Kerala where they followed Buddhism before the advent of Brahminism.
Having their own complete social fabric and systems of precedence and
worship, they dominated the area until their power was seriously
undermined by the Brahmin lead power lobby.[further explanation needed]
However, they still survive in Malabar, and are known as "Thiyya", a
localization of the name "Deyva" equivalent to Deva. The ancestor
worship of Thiyyas springs from the fact that they consider themselves
as descendants of "Deyva" or God. The ceremonial oracles, who represent
the spirit of their ancestors of Lanka, in the temple are known as
"Theyyam", originating from the word "Deyvam" meaning God. However, by
the time of the arrival of Vijaya to Sri Lanka, a significant number of
the Deva clan had intermingled with North Indians, Nagas and Yaksas, to
create the Modern Sinhalese lineage.
Bhagavān literally means "fortunate, blessed" (from the noun bhaga, meaning "fortune, wealth", cognate to Slavic bog "god", Polish bogaty Serbo-Croatian bogat, Russian богатый (bogatyj) "wealthy"), and hence "illustrious, divine, venerable, holy", etc.
The Painting of a Nestorian Christian figure or Fragment of a Christian figure, Nestorian painting of Jesus Christ, is a late 9th-century Tang dynasty fragmentary silk painting of a haloed man with crosses on his head and chest who has been interpreted as a Christian figure, associated with the Church of the East in China. It was discovered by the Hungarian-born British archaeologist Aurel Stein at the Library Cave (cave 17) of the Mogao Caves in 1908. The painting is in the British Museum in London.
Jacob (Israel, Saturn of Crete), King of Goshen (3495-3642 AM) (whence Israelites), m. Leah
Levi
Judah, next
Judah, King of Goshen (whence Jews), who had twins by Tamar . This is Rollo's and Poppa's common ancestor.
Pharez, next
Zerah
Zerah (Zarah) *
Calcol, who was probably Cecrops
Darda (Dara), who was probably Dardanus
Dardanus, King of Dardania (-1414 BC)
His ancestry is disputed. He is probably the Biblical Darda, as Trojan argues. *
Erichthonius, King of Dardania (-1368 BC)
Tros, King of Troy (-1328 BC), whence Troy, Trojan
Ilus, next
Assaracus
Ilus, King of Troy (-1279 BC), whence Illium
Laomedon, next
Themiste, m. Capys
Laomedon, King of Troy (-1235 BC)
Priam, next
Tithonus
In Greek mythology, Memnon (/ˈmɛmnən/; Ancient Greek: Μέμνων) was an Ethiopian king and son of Tithonus and Eos. As a warrior he was considered to be almost Achilles' equal in skill. During the Trojan War, he brought an army to Troy's defense and killed Antilochus during a fierce battle. The death of Memnon echoes that of Hector, another defender of Troy whom Achilles also killed out of revenge for a fallen comrade, Patroclus.
The accepted version was that the Dardani were kindred people of the
Trojans who had degenerated in their new home to a state of barbarism.
Though for a time probably subordinate to Epirus, the Dardani maintained
an independence that was later eroded by Macedonia and finally
extinguished by the Romans… After 335 BC nothing is reported of them…
In the Greek and Roman world…the Dardani…came to be linked with a people
of the same name who dwelt in Asia Minor and who gave their name to the
district of Dardania from which the modern name Dardanelles is derived.
Other coincidences of ethnic names supported notions of a connection
between the Balkans and Asia Minor. A current explanation cites as a
likely context the large-scale movement of peoples…(around 1200 BC) when
some of the well-established powers around the eastern Mediterranean
were afflicted by attacks of the ‘sea-peoples’.
Illyrians & Dardanians were two separate people even in antiquity.
The excerpt below is worth reading because it sheds light on how
different Dardanians were compared to the Illyrians who surrounded them.
For example: out of 20 place names (toponyms) in Dardania: 4 are
definitely Thracian and 8 Illyrian. This means that 8 / 20 Dardanian
place names are neither Illyrian nor Thracian - nor are they Greek or
Dacian. They simply cannot be grouped into any classical Balkan
language:
This makes any neat apportioning of the Dardanian onomastic material
less plausible and suggests that the Dardanians are better regarded as a
separate onomastic province. The problems are no less in regard to the
place names of the region... Out of 20 place names 4 are definitely
Thracian...and 8 Illyrian. The two groups are distributed in a pattern
similar to the personal names: Thracian only in the East and Illyrian
mainly, but not entirely in the West.
It is found in the Bible's Old TestamentBooks of Chronicles. Dara was a descendant of Judah (son of Jacob).
(The Bible. 1 Chronicles 2:6). Dara (also known as Darda) was one of
four men noted for great wisdom, but exceeded by King Solomon (1 Kings
4:31).
In Kazakh, Dara means special, one of a kind, only one.
In old Slavic-Serbian, Dara (Dar) means Gift, or to give a gift.
In the Sudan, it is also known as Gbaya-Dara, a Central Sudan
language of South Sudan. It is one of the Kresh Languages. Though it
is commonly called Gbaya, it is not one of the Abaya languages, which
are in the Ubangian family.
In Persian
Dara (Persian: دارا) is a masculine name. It is the descendant of the Old Persian name Darayaush (Darius)
In the Swahili version Dara means "the beautiful one".
In Irish Dara means "oak". Dara is also frequently used in Ireland (and the United States), as either a masculine or a feminine given name, and it also occurs as a surname. The spelling varies, with variations including Daire, Darragh and Daragh. The Irish form is probably derived from doire, the Irish word for "oak tree", though as a surname it may be a version of the Irish nameMac Dubhdara. In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, dara means "second".
In Indonesian, Dara means "girl", "young woman", or "virgin".
In Javanese,
Dara (in which the letters A are pronounced /ɔ/ by the majority of the
speakers, slightly like the pronunciation of the letter å in Danish and Norwegian) means "dove" or "pigeon".
Dara is a feminine name in Bulgaria and Macedonia. Its meaning directly derives from "dar", which means "gift" both in Bulgarian and Macedonian.
This name stems from the more common male name Bojidar (or Bozhidar),
and its female version Bojidara (or Bozhidara), both meaning "Gift of
God".
Dara is also a short form of Oluwadarasimi or Oluwadara, which in Yoruba means "God is good". The name is given to both boys and girls.[citation needed]
Because of tone mark in Yoruba Language, Dara is also a short form of
Oluwashindara which means "Wonder" (God still does wonder).
Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing Gaumata,
a claimed usurper. The new king met with rebellions throughout his
kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was
his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades and the island of Naxos and the sacking of the city of Eretria.
Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized Achaemenid coinage as a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic
the official language of the empire. He also put the empire in better
standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and
measures. Through these changes, the empire was centralized and unified. Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon, and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language.
In Javanese,
Dara (in which the letters A are pronounced /ɔ/ by the majority of the
speakers, slightly like the pronunciation of the letter å in Danish and Norwegian) means "dove" or "pigeon".
Javanese (/dʒɑːvəˈniːz/; ꦧꦱꦗꦮ, basa Jawa; Javanese pronunciation: [bɔsɔ dʒɔwɔ]; colloquially known as ꦕꦫꦗꦮ, cara Jawa; Javanese pronunciation: [t͡ʃɔrɔ dʒɔwɔ]) is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia.
There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of
western Java. It is the native language of more than 98 million people (more than 42% of the total population of Indonesia).
The Javanese script, natively known as Aksara Jawa (ꦲ (a)ꦏ꧀ꦱ (ksa)ꦫ (ra)ꦗ (ja)ꦮ (wa)) and Hanacaraka (ꦲ (ha)ꦤ (na)ꦕ (ca)ꦫ (ra)ꦏ (ka)), formally known as Déntawyanjana (ꦢꦺ (dé)ꦤ꧀ꦠ (nta)ꦮꦾ (wya)ꦚ꧀ꦗ (nyja)ꦤ (na)) and Carakan (ꦕ (ca)ꦫ (ra)ꦏ (ka)ꦤ꧀ (n)), is an abugida developed by the Javanese people to write several Austronesian languages spoken in Indonesia, primarily the Javanese language and an early form of Javanese called Kawi, as well as Sanskrit, an Indo-Aryan language used as a sacred language throughout Asia. The Javanese script is a descendant of the Brahmi script and therefore has many similarities with the modern scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. The Javanese script, along with the Balinese script, is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia.
Also serving as the Hebrew name for Greece or Greeks in general, יָוָן Yavan or Yāwān has long been considered cognate with the name of the eastern Greeks, the Ionians (Greek Ἴωνες Iōnes, Homeric Greek Ἰάονες Iáones; Mycenaean Greek*Ιαϝονες Iawones).[1] The Greek race has been known by cognate names throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East and beyond: see SanskritYona & Sanskrit (यवनyavana) or proto Aryan languages Sanskrit probably originated. In Greek mythology, the eponymous forefather of the Ionians is similarly called Io, a son of Apollo. The opinion that Javan is synonymous with Greek Ion and thus fathered the Ionians is common to numerous writers of the early modern period including Sir Walter Raleigh, Samuel Bochart, John Mill and Jonathan Edwards, and is still frequently encountered today.
The Apollo of Veii is a life-size painted terracottaEtruscan statue of Apollo (Aplu), designed to be placed at the highest part of a temple. The statue was discovered in the Portonaccio sanctuary of ancient Veii, in what is now central Italy, and dates from c. 510 - 500 BC. It was created in the so-called "international" Ionic or late-archaic Etruscan style
Donnelly discusses many aspects of his proposed theory in extreme
detail. He includes many illustrations as well as charts with lingual
similarities. With his book he states that he is trying to prove
thirteen distinct hypotheses:
There once existed in the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the Mediterranean Sea, a large island, which was the remnant of an Atlantic continent, and known to the ancients as Atlantis.
That the description of this island given by Plato is not fable, as has been long supposed, but veritable history.
That Atlantis was the region where man first rose from a state of barbarism to civilization.
That it was the true Antediluvian world: the Garden of Eden; the Gardens of Hesperides; the Elysian Fields; the Gardens of Alcinous; the Mesomphalos, the Olympos; the Asgard
of the traditions of the ancient nations. That it represented a
universal memory of a great land, where early mankind dwelt for ages in
peace and happiness.
That the gods and goddesses of the ancient Greeks, the Phoenicians, the Hindus, and the Scandinavians
were simply the kings, queens, and heroes of Atlantis; and the acts
attributed to them in mythology are a confused recollection of real
historical events.
That the mythology of Egypt and Peru represented the original religion of Atlantis, which was sun-worship.
That the oldest colony formed by Atlantis was probably Egypt, whose civilization was a reproduction of that Atlantic island.
That the implements of the "Bronze Age" of Europe were derived from Atlantis. The Atlanteans were also the first manufacturers of iron.
That the Phoenician alphabet,
parent of all the European alphabets, was derived from an Atlantis
alphabet, which was also conveyed by them from Atlantis to the Mayans of Central America.
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The Plague of Justinian (541–542 AD) was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and especially its capital, Constantinople, as well as the Sasanian Empire, and port cities around the entire Mediterranean Sea, as merchant ships harbored rats that carried fleas infected with plague. One of the deadliest plagues in history, the devastating pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25–50 million people during two centuries of recurrence, a death toll equivalent to 13–26% of the world's population at the time of the first outbreak. The plague's social and cultural impact has been compared to that of the similar Black Death that devastated Europe in the Middle Ages, 600 years after the last outbreak of Justinian's plague.
In 2013, researchers confirmed earlier speculation that the cause of the Plague of Justinian was Yersinia pestis, the same bacterium responsible for Black Plague (1347–1351), which was much shorter, but still killed an estimated one-third to one-half of Europeans. Ancient and modern Yersinia pestis strains closely related to the ancestor of the Justinian plague strain have been found in Tian Shan, a system of mountain ranges on the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and China, suggesting that the Justinian plague may have originated in or near that region.
Procopius, a Greek who was the principal historian of the 6th century, described the pandemic as worldwide in scope, and this first plague returned periodically until the eighth century. The waves of disease had a major effect on the subsequent course of European history."Bahram V (Middle Persian: ?????? Wahrām), also known as Bahram Gor (Persian: بهرام گور, "Bahram the onager") was the fifteenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling from 420 to 438.
The son of Yazdegerd I, Bahram was exiled at an early age to the Lahkmid court in al-Hira, where he was raised under the tutolage of the Lakhmid kings. After the assassination of Yazdegerd I, Bahram hurried to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon with a Lakhmid army, and won the favour of the nobles and priests, according to a long-existing popular legend, after withstanding a trial against two lions.
Bahram V's reign was generally peaceful, with two brief wars—first against his western neighbours, the Eastern Roman Empire, and then against his eastern neighbours, the Hephthalites, who were disturbing the Sasanian eastern provinces"The term "Merovingian" comes from medieval Latin Merovingi or Merohingi ("sons of Merovech"), an alteration of an unattested Frankish form, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing, with the final -ing being a typical Germanic patronymic suffix. The name derives from the possibly legendary King Merovech. Unlike the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies, the Merovingians never claimed descent from a god, nor is there evidence that they were regarded as sacred.
Daniel 7:1-22
Visions of the Four Beasts
7 In the first year of King Belshazzar of Babylon, Daniel had a dream and visions of his head as he lay in bed. Then he wrote down the dream:[a] 2 I,[b] Daniel, saw in my vision by night the four winds of heaven stirring up the great sea, 3 and four great beasts came up out of the sea, different from one another. 4 The first was like a lion and had eagles’ wings. Then, as I watched, its wings were plucked off, and it was lifted up from the ground and made to stand on two feet like a human being; and a human mind was given to it. 5 Another beast appeared, a second one, that looked like a bear. It was raised up on one side, had three tusks[c] in its mouth among its teeth and was told, “Arise, devour many bodies!” 6 After this, as I watched, another appeared, like a leopard. The beast had four wings of a bird on its back and four heads; and dominion was given to it. 7 After this I saw in the visions by night a fourth beast, terrifying and dreadful and exceedingly strong. It had great iron teeth and was devouring, breaking in pieces, and stamping what was left with its feet. It was different from all the beasts that preceded it, and it had ten horns. 8 I was considering the horns, when another horn appeared, a little one coming up among them; to make room for it, three of the earlier horns were plucked up by the roots. There were eyes like human eyes in this horn, and a mouth speaking arrogantly.
Judgment before the Ancient One
9 As I watched,
thrones were set in place,
and an Ancient One[d] took his throne,
his clothing was white as snow,
and the hair of his head like pure wool;
his throne was fiery flames,
and its wheels were burning fire.
10 A stream of fire issued
and flowed out from his presence.
A thousand thousands served him,
and ten thousand times ten thousand stood attending him.
The court sat in judgment,
and the books were opened.
11 I watched then because of the noise of the arrogant words that the horn was speaking. And as I watched, the beast was put to death, and its body destroyed and given over to be burned with fire. 12 As for the rest of the beasts, their dominion was taken away, but their lives were prolonged for a season and a time. 13 As I watched in the night visions,
I saw one like a human being[e]
coming with the clouds of heaven.
And he came to the Ancient One[f]
and was presented before him.
14 To him was given dominion
and glory and kingship,
that all peoples, nations, and languages
should serve him.
His dominion is an everlasting dominion
that shall not pass away,
and his kingship is one
that shall never be destroyed.
Daniel’s Visions Interpreted
15 As for me, Daniel, my spirit was troubled within me,[g] and the visions of my head terrified me. 16 I approached one of the attendants to ask him the truth concerning all this. So he said that he would disclose to me the interpretation of the matter: 17 “As for these four great beasts, four kings shall arise out of the earth. 18 But the holy ones of the Most High shall receive the kingdom and possess the kingdom forever—forever and ever.”
19 Then I desired to know the truth concerning the fourth beast, which was different from all the rest, exceedingly terrifying, with its teeth of iron and claws of bronze, and which devoured and broke in pieces, and stamped what was left with its feet; 20 and concerning the ten horns that were on its head, and concerning the other horn, which came up and to make room for which three of them fell out—the horn that had eyes and a mouth that spoke arrogantly, and that seemed greater than the others. 21 As I looked, this horn made war with the holy ones and was prevailing over them, 22 until the Ancient One[h] came; then judgment was given for the holy ones of the Most High, and the time arrived when the holy ones gained possession of the kingdom.
The Seven Seals
6 Then I saw the Lamb open one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures call out, as with a voice of thunder, “Come!”[a] 2 I looked, and there was a white horse! Its rider had a bow; a crown was given to him, and he came out conquering and to conquer.
3 When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature call out, “Come!”[b] 4 And out came[c] another horse, bright red; its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth, so that people would slaughter one another; and he was given a great sword.
5 When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature call out, “Come!”[d] I looked, and there was a black horse! Its rider held a pair of scales in his hand, 6 and I heard what seemed to be a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat for a day’s pay,[e] and three quarts of barley for a day’s pay,[f] but do not damage the olive oil and the wine!”
7 When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature call out, “Come!”[g] 8 I looked and there was a pale green horse! Its rider’s name was Death, and Hades followed with him; they were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword, famine, and pestilence, and by the wild animals of the earth.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Perils"The Four Perils (Chinese: 四凶; pinyin: Sì Xiōng) are four malevolent beings that existed in Chinese mythology, and the antagonistic counterparts of the Four Benevolent Animals."
"APART from protectors and god-like creatures, there are also evil-beings in Chinese myths. Si Xiong, or the Four Evils, are one of the most famous.
The Four Evils are Tao Tie饕餮, Hun Dun混沌, Qiong Qi穷奇 and Tao Wu梼杌. Each holds evil characteristics such as encouraging greed, distorting truth, and making wars. The evil beasts’ names are still often referred to as metaphors out of superstition.
Some legends suggest the four evils were born from four evil and rebellious tribe leaders after they died in ancient times: San Miao三苗, Huan Dou驩兜, Gong Gong共工 and Gun鲧. They ruled in the reign of the Shun Emperor 舜帝, who was defeated and exiled in the end. But there are many other stories of the origins of the beasts."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Barbarians
"Yi, Man, Rong, and Di were further generalized into compounds (such as Róngdí, Mányí, and Mányíróngdí) denoting "non-Chinese; foreigners; barbarians." Hieroglyphics refer to these groups all have a section for indicating "animal/insect". Nowadays, Chinese characters have omitted this symbolic section, so the Chinese characters quoted above only have the "dog symbol" 犭 in the word Dí 狄.
The Yi ("Barbarian") had both specific denotations (e.g., Huaiyi 淮夷 "Huai River barbarians" and Xiyi 西夷 "western barbarians") and generalized references to "barbarian" (e.g., Sìyí "Four Barbarians"). The sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983: 440) says the name Yi "furnished the primary Chinese term for 'barbarian'," but "Paradoxically the Yi were considered the most civilized of the non-Chinese peoples."
The Old Chinese pronunciation of Modern Chinese yí 夷 is reconstructed as *dyər (Bernhard Karlgren), *ɤier (Zhou Fagao), *ləj (William H. Baxter), and *l(ə)i (Axel Schuessler). Schuessler (2007: 563) defines Yi as "The name of non-Chinese tribes, prob[ably] Austroasiatic, to the east and southeast of the central plain (Shandong, Huái River basin), since the Spring and Autumn period also a general word for 'barbarian'", and proposes a "sea" etymology, "Since the ancient Yuè (=Viet) word for 'sea' is said to have been yí, the people's name might have originated as referring to people living by the sea"."
https://forums.mmorpg.com/discussion/481156/truth-is-in-the-fiction#latest
Psalm 82
A Plea for Justice
A Psalm of Asaph.
1 God has taken his place in the divine council;
in the midst of the gods he holds judgment:
2 “How long will you judge unjustly
and show partiality to the wicked?Selah
3 Give justice to the weak and the orphan;
maintain the right of the lowly and the destitute.
4 Rescue the weak and the needy;
deliver them from the hand of the wicked.”
5 They have neither knowledge nor understanding,
they walk around in darkness;
all the foundations of the earth are shaken.
6 I say, “You are gods,
children of the Most High, all of you;
7 nevertheless, you shall die like mortals,
and fall like any prince.”[a]
8 Rise up, O God, judge the earth;
for all the nations belong to you!
Jeremiah 31:27-34
27 Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man, and with the seed of beast.
28 And it shall come to pass, that like as I have watched over them, to pluck up, and to break down, and to throw down, and to destroy, and to afflict; so will I watch over them, to build, and to plant, saith the Lord.
29 In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten a sour grape, and the children's teeth are set on edge.
30 But every one shall die for his own iniquity: every man that eateth the sour grape, his teeth shall be set on edge.
31 Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah:
32 Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the Lord:
33 But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the Lord, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.
34 And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.
Judah, next
Judah, King of Goshen (whence Jews), who had twins by Tamar . This is Rollo's and Poppa's common ancestor.
Pharez, next
Zerah
Zerah (Zarah) *
Calcol, who was probably Cecrops
Darda (Dara), who was probably Dardanus
Dardanus, King of Dardania (-1414 BC)
His ancestry is disputed. He is probably the Biblical Darda, as Trojan argues. *
Erichthonius, King of Dardania (-1368 BC)
Tros, King of Troy (-1328 BC), whence Troy, Trojan
Ilus, next
Assaracus
Ilus, King of Troy (-1279 BC), whence Illium
Laomedon, next
Themiste, m. Capys
Laomedon, King of Troy (-1235 BC)
Priam, next
Tithonus
The accepted version was that the Dardani were kindred people of the Trojans who had degenerated in their new home to a state of barbarism.
Though for a time probably subordinate to Epirus, the Dardani maintained an independence that was later eroded by Macedonia and finally extinguished by the Romans… After 335 BC nothing is reported of them…
In the Greek and Roman world…the Dardani…came to be linked with a people of the same name who dwelt in Asia Minor and who gave their name to the district of Dardania from which the modern name Dardanelles is derived. Other coincidences of ethnic names supported notions of a connection between the Balkans and Asia Minor. A current explanation cites as a likely context the large-scale movement of peoples…(around 1200 BC) when some of the well-established powers around the eastern Mediterranean were afflicted by attacks of the ‘sea-peoples’.
Illyrians & Dardanians were two separate people even in antiquity.
The excerpt below is worth reading because it sheds light on how different Dardanians were compared to the Illyrians who surrounded them. For example: out of 20 place names (toponyms) in Dardania: 4 are definitely Thracian and 8 Illyrian. This means that 8 / 20 Dardanian place names are neither Illyrian nor Thracian - nor are they Greek or Dacian. They simply cannot be grouped into any classical Balkan language:
Dara is a name with more than one origin.
Dara is a gotra (clan) of certain Jats and Punjabis found in India.[citation needed] Members of the Dara gotra are found mainly in Rajasthan (majority), Delhi and Haryana in India. Dara mostly belong to the Khatri caste.
Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing Gaumata, a claimed usurper. The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades and the island of Naxos and the sacking of the city of Eretria.
Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized Achaemenid coinage as a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also put the empire in better standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and measures. Through these changes, the empire was centralized and unified. Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon, and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language.
Darius is mentioned in the biblical books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezra–Nehemiah.
Javanese is one of the Austronesian languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script
The Javanese script, natively known as Aksara Jawa (ꦲ (a)ꦏ꧀ꦱ (ksa)ꦫ (ra)ꦗ (ja)ꦮ (wa)) and Hanacaraka (ꦲ (ha)ꦤ (na)ꦕ (ca)ꦫ (ra)ꦏ (ka)), formally known as Déntawyanjana (ꦢꦺ (dé)ꦤ꧀ꦠ (nta)ꦮꦾ (wya)ꦚ꧀ꦗ (nyja)ꦤ (na)) and Carakan (ꦕ (ca)ꦫ (ra)ꦏ (ka)ꦤ꧀ (n)), is an abugida developed by the Javanese people to write several Austronesian languages spoken in Indonesia, primarily the Javanese language and an early form of Javanese called Kawi, as well as Sanskrit, an Indo-Aryan language used as a sacred language throughout Asia. The Javanese script is a descendant of the Brahmi script and therefore has many similarities with the modern scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. The Javanese script, along with the Balinese script, is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan
Javan (Hebrew יָוָן, Standard Hebrew Yavan, Tiberian Hebrew Yāwān) was the fourth son of Noah's son Japheth according to the "Generations of Noah" (Genesis chapter 10) in the Hebrew Bible. Josephus states the traditional belief that this individual was the ancestor of the Greeks.
Also serving as the Hebrew name for Greece or Greeks in general, יָוָן Yavan or Yāwān has long been considered cognate with the name of the eastern Greeks, the Ionians (Greek Ἴωνες Iōnes, Homeric Greek Ἰάονες Iáones; Mycenaean Greek *Ιαϝονες Iawones).[1] The Greek race has been known by cognate names throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East and beyond: see Sanskrit Yona & Sanskrit (यवन yavana) or proto Aryan languages Sanskrit probably originated. In Greek mythology, the eponymous forefather of the Ionians is similarly called Io, a son of Apollo. The opinion that Javan is synonymous with Greek Ion and thus fathered the Ionians is common to numerous writers of the early modern period including Sir Walter Raleigh, Samuel Bochart, John Mill and Jonathan Edwards, and is still frequently encountered today.