Problems with transmission modelsfor an infectiousagent.It is not my intention to provide and alternative explanation for the pandemic. We don’t even need a contagious, single disease to explain the drastic population reduction at the climax of the crisis in 1348-1351. The calamity seems to have involved many diseases or symptoms of transformation processes, ofpoisoning and/ or energeticchanges. Here is how‘the plague’ in the context of the Biblical Exoduswas viewedin the 15thcentury. This Bible illustration was made in 1411and is titled “Plague, Ten Plagues of Egypt” (the German word Beulenpest is used which means BuebonicPlague), justdecades after the Black Death plaguehaddevastated Europe. The corresponding lines are from Exodus 9:9:“It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on people and animals throughout the land."“It” meaning a hand full of soot from a furnace that Moses threw in the air in the presence of Pharaoh. So, apparently it is understood when the biblical creator punished certain peoples with plague, what he hadin mind, wassoot in the air, raining downand making people(selectively?)sick, which would then chime in with the numerous references of foul mists and pestiferous winds in the 1340s. The symptoms depictedin the manuscriptare buboes distributed over the body, not concentrated in the groin, armpit or neck.As we saw above, suchnon-specificdiagnoses of boilsor other skin irregularities were used throughout the middle ages to persecute people under leprosy laws.
The Panzer Dragoon series takes place on an unspecified post-apocalyptic
planet where the people compete for land, resources, and the technology
of the Ancients. The ‘Ancients’ is the generic name given to the people
that once controlled a world-spanning, hyper-advanced civilization
thousands of years before the start of the Panzer Dragoon series of
games. The Ancients were able to create monsters either for war use or
practical uses.
These creatures survived the downfall of the Ancients and are one of the
main enemies in the series. A mysterious cataclysm, hinted at as a
terrible war during the course of the series, would spell the downfall
of this civilization and nearly destroy the world, leaving the survivors
to eke out a bleak existence among the blasted remains in the ensuing
millennia. Eventually, the Ancients and their works would gain a sort of
'godlike' respect, and a horrific regard, among some people as they
passed into legend.
"During the bi-centennial year of The Constitution of the United
States, a number of books were written concerning the origin of
that long-revered document. One of these, The Genius of the
People, alleged that after the many weeks of debate a committee
sat to combine the many agreements into one formal document. The
chairman of the committee was John Rutledge of South Carolina.
He had served in an earlier time, along with Ben Franklin and
others, at the Stamp Act Congress, held in Albany, New York. This
Committee of Detail was having trouble deciding just how to formalize
the many items of discussion into one document that would satisfy
one and all. Rutledge proposed they model the new government they
were forming into something along the lines of the Iroquois League
of Nations, which had been functioning as a democratic government
for hundreds of years, and which he had observed in Albany. While
there were many desirable, as well as undesirable, models from
ancient and modern histories in Europe and what we know now as
the Middle East, only the Iroquois had a system that seemed to
meet most of the demands espoused by the many parties to the debates.
The Genius of the People alleged that the Iroquois had a Constitution
which began: "We the people, to form a union. . ."
That one sentence was enough to light a fire under me, and cause
me to do some deep research into ancient Iroquoian lore. I never
did find that one sentence backed up in what writings there are
concerning the ancient Iroquois. But I DID find sufficient data
and evidence to convince me that the Iroquois most certainly did
have a considerable influence on the drafting of our own Constitution,
and we present-day Americans owe them a very large debt. At the
time of the founding of the Iroquois League of Nations, no written
language existed; we have only the early stories which were passed
down from generation to generation, until such time as there was
a written language, and interpreters available, to record that
early history. One such document is listed below.
There are several other documents now available in various places
which refer to the original founding of the Iroquois, and they
seem to substantiate this document as probably truthful and accurate.
This version was prepared by Arthur C. Parker, Archeologist of
the State Museum in New York in 1915, and published by the University
of the State of New York as Bulletin 184 on April 1, 1916. It
is entitled: The Constitution of the Five Nations - or - The
Iroquois Book of the Great Law. In it, you will find close
parallels to our Executive, Legislative and Judiciary branches
of government as originally described in our U. S. Constitution."
"We are a nation built on the ideals of many, and Native North
American contributions to our collective culture and society are
immeasurable. The founders who wrote our U.S. Constitution, based on
their democratic ideals, were influenced in part by Native American way
of government.
The Iroquois Constitution, also known as the Great Law of Peace, is a
great oral narrative that documents the formation of a League of six
nations: Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, and later on, the
Tuscarora nations. The date of origin is contested, but it was well
before the arrival of European settlers to America. The constitution,
also commemorated on Wampum (beads fashioned from the shells of whelks
and quahog clams), included more than a few familiar concepts: a
restriction on holding dual offices, processes to remove leaders within
the confederacy, a bicameral legislature with procedures in place for
passing laws, a delineation of power to declare war, and a creation of a
balance of power between the Iroquois Confederacy and individual
tribes, according to later transcriptions. Founding Fathers such as
Benjamin Franklin were in regular contact with the Iroquois Confederacy,
and Great Council leaders were invited to address the Continental
Congress in 1776."
c. 1200, "an evil spirit, malignant supernatural being, an incubus, a devil," from Latin daemon "spirit," from Greek daimon
"deity, divine power; lesser god; guiding spirit, tutelary deity"
(sometimes including souls of the dead); "one's genius, lot, or
fortune;" from PIE *dai-mon- "divider, provider" (of fortunes or destinies), from root *da- "to divide."
The malignant sense is because the Greek word was used (with daimonion)
in Christian Greek translations and the Vulgate for "god of the
heathen, heathen idol" and also for "unclean spirit." Jewish authors
earlier had employed the Greek word in this sense, using it to render shedim "lords, idols" in the Septuagint, and Matthew viii.31 has daimones, translated as deofol in Old English, feend or deuil in Middle English. Another Old English word for this was hellcniht, literally "hell-knight."
The usual ancient Greek sense, "supernatural agent or intelligence
lower than a god, ministering spirit" is attested in English from 1560s
and is sometimes written daemon or daimon
for purposes of distinction. Meaning "destructive or hideous person" is
from 1610s; as "an evil agency personified" (rum, etc.) from 1712.
minister (n.)c.
1300, "man consecrated to service in the Christian Church, an
ecclesiastic;" also "an agent acting for a superior, one who acts upon
the authority of another," from Old French menistre "servant, valet, member of a household staff, administrator, musician, minstrel" (12c.) and directly from Latin minister (genitive ministri) "inferior, servant, priest's assistant" (in Medieval Latin, "priest"), from minus, minor "less," hence "subordinate"
*da-
*dā-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to divide."
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dati "cuts, divides;" Greek dēmos "people, land," perhaps literally "division of society," daiesthai "to divide;" Old Irish dam "troop, company;" Old English tid "point or portion of time," German Zeit "time."
demagogue (n.) ((de)magog)
1640s,
"an unprincipled popular orator or leader; one who seeks to obtain
political power by pandering to the prejudices, wishes, ignorance, and
passions of the people or a part of them," ultimately from Greek demagogos "popular leader," also "leader of the mob," from dēmos "people, common people" (originally "district," from PIE *da-mo- "division," from root *da- "to divide") + agogos "leader," from agein "to lead" (from PIE root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move").
In
a historical sense from 1650s, "a leader of the masses in an ancient
city or state, one who sways the people by oratory or persuasion." Often
a term of disparagement since the time of its first use (in Athens, 5c.
B.C.E.). Form perhaps influenced by French démagogue (mid-14c.).
Indeed, since the term demagogos
explicitly denotes someone who leads or shepherds the demos, the
eventual use of this word as the primary epithet for a political
panderer represents a virtual reversal of its original meaning. The word
demagogos in fact implies that
the people need someone to lead them and that political power, at least
in part, is exercised appropriately through this leadership.
1670s, from Latinized form of Greek dēmiourgos, literally "public or skilled worker, worker for the people," from dēmos "common people" (see demotic) + ergos "work," from PIE root *werg- "to do."
The
title of a magistrate in some Peloponnesian city-states and the Achæan
League; taken in Platonic philosophy as a name for the maker of the
world. In the Gnostic system, "conceived as a being subordinate to the
Supreme Being, and sometimes as the author of evil" [OED]. Related: Demiurgic; demiurgical (c. 1600); demiurgeous.
Gnosticism presents a distinction between the highest, unknowable God or Supreme Being
and the demiurgic "creator" of the material. Several systems of Gnostic
thought present the Demiurge as antagonistic to the will of the Supreme
Being: his act of creation occurs in an unconscious semblance of the
divine model, and thus is fundamentally flawed, or else is formed with
the malevolent intention of entrapping aspects of the divine in
materiality. Thus, in such systems, the Demiurge acts as a solution to
(or, at least possibly, the problem or cause that gives rise to)[citation needed] the problem of evil.
Mythos
One Gnostic mythos describes the declination of aspects of the divine into human form. Sophia (Greek: Σοφία, lit. "wisdom"), the Demiurge's mother a partial aspect of the divine Pleroma or "Fullness," desired to create something apart from the divine totality,
without the receipt of divine assent. In this act of separate creation,
she gave birth to the monstrous Demiurge and, being ashamed of her
deed, wrapped him in a cloud and created a throne for him within it. The
Demiurge, isolated, did not behold his mother, nor anyone else, and
concluded that only he existed, ignorant of the superior levels of
reality.
The Demiurge, having received a portion of power from his mother,
sets about a work of creation in unconscious imitation of the superior Pleromatic realm: He frames the seven heavens,
as well as all material and animal things, according to forms furnished
by his mother; working however blindly, and ignorant even of the
existence of the mother who is the source of all his energy. He is blind
to all that is spiritual, but he is king over the other two provinces.
The word dēmiourgos properly describes his relation to the material; he is the father of that which is animal like himself.
Thus Sophia's power becomes enclosed within the material forms of
humanity, themselves entrapped within the material universe: the goal
of Gnostic movements was typically the awakening of this spark, which
permitted a return by the subject to the superior, non-material
realities which were its primal source.
Angels
Psalm 82 begins (verse 1), "God stands in the assembly of El [LXX:
assembly of gods], in the midst of the gods he renders judgment",
indicating a plurality of gods, although it does not indicate that these
gods were co-actors in creation. Philo had inferred from the expression "Let us make man" of the Book of Genesis
that God had used other beings as assistants in the creation of man,
and he explains in this way why man is capable of vice as well as
virtue, ascribing the origin of the latter to God, of the former to His
helpers in the work of creation.
The earliest Gnostic sects ascribe the work of creation to angels, some of them using the same passage in Genesis. So Irenaeus tells of the system of Simon Magus, of the system of Menander, of the system of Saturninus, in which the number of these angels is reckoned as seven, and of the system of Carpocrates. In the report of the system of Basilides,
we are told that our world was made by the angels who occupy the lowest
heaven; but special mention is made of their chief, who is said to have
been the God of the Jews, to have led that people out of the land of Egypt, and to have given them their law. The prophecies are ascribed not to the chief but to the other world-making angels.
The Latin translation, confirmed by Hippolytus of Rome, makes Irenaeus state that according to Cerinthus (who shows Ebionite influence), creation was made by a power quite separate from the Supreme God and ignorant of Him. Theodoret, who here copies Irenaeus, turns this into the plural number "powers", and so Epiphanius of Salamis represents Cerinthus as agreeing with Carpocrates in the doctrine that the world was made by angels.
Samael (Hebrew: סַמָּאֵל Sammāʾēl, "Venom of God", "Poison of God", or "Blindness of God"; rarely "Smil", "Samil", or "Samiel") is an archangel in Talmudic and post-Talmudic lore, a figure who is the accuser (Ha-Satan), seducer, and destroyer (Mashhit). Although many functions usually associated with Samael resemble the Christian notion of Satan, he is not necessarily evil, since his functions are also regarded as causing good, such as destroying the sinners.
He is considered in Talmudic texts to be a member of the heavenly host with often grim and destructive duties. One of Samael's greatest roles in Jewish lore is that of the main angel of death and the head of satans. Although he condones the sins of man, he remains one of God's servants. He appears frequently in the story of Garden of Eden and engineered the fall of Adam and Eve with a snake, in writings during the Second Temple period. However, serpent is not a form of Samael, but a beast he rode like a camel. In some traditions he is also believed to be the father of Cain as well as the partner of Lilith.
In some Gnostic cosmologies, Samael's role as source of evil became identified with the Demiurge,
the creator of the material world. Although probably both accounts
originate from the same source, the Gnostic development differs from the
Jewish development of Samael, in which Samael is merely an angel and
servant of God.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah Meshuggah was formed in 1987 by vocalist and guitarist Jens Kidman, and took the name Meshuggah from the Yiddish word for "crazy", which is derived from Hebrew word מְשׁוּגָע. Kidman found the word in an American street slang dictionary
Samael first appears during the Second Temple Period and immediately after its destruction. He is the dominant evil figure in the Book of Baruch as he plants the Tree of knowledge, thereupon he is banished by God. To take revenge, he tempts Adam into sin. Further he appears as the embodiment of evil in the Ascension of Isaiah, often identified as "Melkira" (Heb.: מלך רע melek ra - lit. "king of evil", "king of the wicked") or "Malkira"/"Malchira" (מלאך רע malakh/malach ra - "messenger of evil", "angel of iniquity") or "Belkira" (prob. בעל קיר baal qir - "lord of the wall") or "Bechira" (בחיר רע bachir ra, - "the elect of evil", "chosen by evil"). The names Belial and Satan are also applied to him and he gains control of King Manasseh in order to accuse Isaiah of treason.
Further he is mentioned in the Book of Enoch along with other rebellious angels. However, in 1 Book of Enoch he is one of the rebellious angels, he is not their leader.
In the talmudic-midrashic literature Samael's role as an agent of evil
is rather marginal, but from the fifth or sixth century onwards, this
name becomes one of the most prominent among the demonic entities again. In the Exodus Rabbah, Samael is depicted as the accuser in the heavenly court and tempting to sin, while Michael defends Israel's actions. Here, Samael is identified with Satan. While Satan
describes his function as an accuser, Samael is considered to be his
proper name. He also fulfills the role of the Angel of Death, when he
comes to take the soul of Moses and is called the leader of satans.
The title of satan is also applied to him, in the midrash Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, there he is the chief of fallen angels. Samaels role here might be influenced by the Islamic idea of Iblis, who similar to Samael, refused to prostrate himself before Adam, because he consists of fire and Adam merely from dust. In the Midrash Konen, he is the ruler of the third hell. Several sources, such as Yalkut Shimoni (I, 110) describe him as the guardian angel of Esau relating him to Rome, the one who wrestled with Jacob, the angel who ordered Abraham into sacrificing Isaac, and a patron of Edom.
In the Zohar, Samael is mentioned again as the serpent's rider. However, the same work later calls him Azazel.
This link might arise from a case of mistaken identity, as Azazel might
be himself in Zoharistic lore a combination of the angels Aza and Azrael. Samael also mated with Eisheth Zenunim, Na'amah, and Agrat bat Mahlat, all being "angels" of sacred prostitution.
In Kabbalah (Arthur Edward Waite, 255), Samael is described as the "severity of God", and is listed as fifth of the archangels of the world of Briah. Samael then became the consort of Adam's first wife, Lilith.
Lilith is a demon created alongside Adam, originally created for the
role Eve would fill. Samael created with her a host of demon children,
including a son, the "Sword of Samael" (or Asmodai).
Although both Samael and Lilith are major demons in earlier Jewish
traditions, they do not appear paired before the second half of the
thirteenth century.
He is also depicted as the angel of death and one of the seven archangels, the ruler over the Fifth Heaven[according to whom?] and commander of two million angels such as the chief of other destroying angels.
According to The Ascension of Moses, Samael is also mentioned as being in 7th Heaven:
In the last heaven Moses saw two angels, each five hundred parasangs
in height, forged out of chains of black fire and red fire, the angels
Af, "Anger," and Hemah, "Wrath," whom God created at the beginning of
the world, to execute His will. Moses was disquieted when he looked upon them, but Metatron
embraced him, and said, "Moses, Moses, thou favorite of God, fear not,
and be not terrified," and Moses became calm. There was another angel in
the seventh heaven, different in appearance from all the others, and of
frightful mien. His height was so great, it would have taken five
hundred years to cover a distance equal to it, and from the crown of his
head to the soles of his feet he was studded with glaring eyes. "This
one," said Metatron, addressing Moses, "is Samael, who takes the soul
away from man." "Whither goes he now?" asked Moses, and Metatron
replied, "To fetch the soul of Job the pious." Thereupon Moses prayed to
God in these words, "O may it be Thy will, my God and the God of my
fathers, not to let me fall into the hands of this angel."
It is also said that the Baal Shem once summoned Samael, to make him do his bidding.
In the Apocryphon of John, On the Origin of the World and Hypostasis of the Archons, found in the Nag Hammadi library, Samael is one of three names of the demiurge, whose other names are Yaldabaoth and Saklas. After Yaldabaoth claims sole divinity for himself, the voice of Sophia comes forth calling him Samael, due to his ignorance. In On the Origin of the World his name is explained as "blind god" and his fellow Archons
are said to be blind, too. This reflecting the characteristics of the
Christian devil, making people blind, as does the devil in 2 Corinthians 4. Also Samael is the first sinner in the Hypostasis of the Archons and the First Epistle of John
is calls the devil as sinner from the beginning. These characteristics
combined with his boasting conflates the Jewish god with the devil. His appearance is that of a lion-faced serpent. Although the Gnostics and Jewish originally used the same source, both depictions of Samael developed independently.
Samael is sometimes confused in some books with Camael, who appears in the Gospel of Egyptians also as an evil power, whose name is similar to words meaning "like God" (but Camael with a waw
missing). The name might be explained, because in Jewish traditions,
the snake had the form of a camel, before it was banished by God.
Archon, Greek Archōn, in ancient Greece, the chief magistrate or magistrates in many city-states. The office became prominent in the Archaic period, when the kings (basileis) were being superseded by aristocrats.
At Athens the list of annual archons begins with 682 bc. By the middle of the 7th century bc, executive power was in the hands of nine archons, who shared the religious, military, and judicial functions.
Gnosticism refers to a diverse, syncretisticreligious movement consisting of various belief systems generally united in the teaching that humans are divine souls trapped in a material world created by an imperfect god, the demiurge, who is frequently identified with the AbrahamicGod. Gnosticism is a rejection (sometimes from an ascetic perspective) and vilification of the human body and of the material world or cosmos.
Gnosticism teaches duality in Material (Matter) versus Spiritual or
Body (evil) versus Soul (good). Gnosticism teaches that the natural or
material world will and should be destroyed (total annihilation) by the true spiritual God in order to free mankind from the reign of the false God or Demiurge.
A common misperception is caused by the fact that, in the past, "Gnostic" had a similar meaning to current usage of the word mystic. There were some Orthodox Christians who as mystics (in the modern sense) taught gnosis (Knowledge of the God or the Good) who could be called gnostics in a positive sense (e.g. Diadochos of Photiki).
Whereas formerly Gnosticism was considered mostly a corruption of
Christianity, it now seems clear that traces of Gnostic systems can be
discerned some centuries before the Christian Era.[15] Gnosticism may have been earlier than the 1st century, thus predating Jesus Christ.[16] It spread through the Mediterranean and Middle East before and during the 2nd and 3rd centuries, becoming a dualisticheresy to Judaism (see Notzrim), Christianity and Hellenic philosophy in areas controlled by the Roman Empire and Arian Goths (see Huneric), and the Persian Empire. Conversion to Islam and the Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229) greatly reduced the remaining number of Gnostics throughout the Middle Ages,
though a few isolated communities continue to exist to the present.
Gnostic ideas became influential in the philosophies of various esotericmystical movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and North America, including some that explicitly identify themselves as revivals or even continuations of earlier gnostic groups.
Theos (from the Greek: Θεός, theos, "God") is a religion and society think tank based in the United Kingdom which exists to undertake research and provide commentary on social and political arrangements.
Theos aims to impact opinion around issues of faith and belief in
society through research, publications, media engagement and events.
Theos was launched in November 2006 with the support of the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, and the then Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Cormac Murphy O'Connor, and maintains an ecumenical position. Theos is based in central London.
ʼĒl (or ʼIl, Ugaritic: ??; Phoenician:?? Hebrew: אל; Syriac: ܐܠ; Arabic: إل or إله; cognate to Akkadian: ?, romanized: ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning "god" or "deity", or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. A rarer form, ʼila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic archaic biliteral ʼ‑l, meaning "god".
Old English Israel, "the Jewish people, the Hebrew nation," from Latin Israel, from Greek, from Hebrew yisra'el "he that striveth with God" (Genesis xxxii.28), symbolic proper name conferred on Jacob and extended to his descendants, from sara "he fought, contended" + El "God."
strive (v.)c. 1200, "quarrel, contend," from Old French estriver "to quarrel, dispute, resist, struggle, put up a fight, compete," from estrif, estrit "quarrel" (see strife). It became a strong verb (past tense strove) by rhyming association with drive, dive, etc. Meaning "try hard" is from early 14c.
from Old Norse vanir "the Vanir," one of the families of Scandinavian gods, from Proto-Germanic *wana-, perhaps from PIE root *wen- (1) "to desire, strive for."
before vowels prot-, word-forming element meaning "first, source, parent, preceding, earliest form, original, basic," from Greek proto-, from protos "first," from PIE *pre-, from root *per- (1) "forward" (hence "before, first").
"citizen of the state of Israel," 1948, from Israel + Hebrew national designation suffix -i.
Also used in English as the adjective (1948). It distinguishes the
citizens of the modern state from the ancient people who had been known
in English since 14c. as Israelites (see Israelite).
"Growing numbers of Bible-believers
maintain that the first language of man was Hebrew. Among authorities,
Noah Webster’s dictionary is not alone in tracing many English words
back to the Hebrew language. Yet the belief that Hebrew was the original
language has long since been replaced by the concept of an "Indo–Aryan"
mother language. A recent book reopens the question and provides solid
evidence supporting Hebrew as the mother of all languages. Evidence
shows that Hebrew is also the language of heaven."
"Introduction
"The
curriculum of Harvard was full of Hebrew, and an early graduate thesis
at Harvard concerned Hebrew as the Mother tongue. Noah Webster’s
etymologies (discredited for 200 years now) were full of English words
traced to ‘Shemite’ sources."
So reads the preface of author Isaac Mozeson’s book, The Word,
in which he touts Hebrew as the original language of mankind. Quite
comprehensive, his book has many examples of word origins traced back to
Hebrew. Some literary critics rave at Mozeson’s bold assertions showing
Hebrew to be the mother of all languages."
"I will make those of the
synagogue of Satan who say that they are Jews and are not, but are
lying—I will make them come and bow down before your feet, and they will
learn that I have loved you."
Revelation 2:9 New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)
“I
know your affliction and your poverty, even though you are rich. I know
the slander on the part of those who say that they are Jews and are
not, but are a synagogue of Satan"
late 12c., Giw, Jeu, "a Jew (ancient or modern), one of the Jewish race or religion," from Anglo-French iuw, Old French giu (Modern French Juif), from Latin Iudaeum (nominative Iudaeus), from Greek Ioudaios, from Aramaic (Semitic) jehudhai (Hebrew y'hudi) "a Jew," from Y'hudah "Judah," literally "celebrated," name of Jacob's fourth son and of the tribe descended from him.
Spelling with J- predominated from 16c. Replaced Old English Iudeas "the Jews," which is from Latin. As an offensive and opprobrious term, "person who seeks gain by sordid means," c. 1600. Jews' harp "simple mouth harp" is from 1580s, earlier Jews' trump (1540s); the connection with Jewishness is obscure, unless it is somehow biblical.
In uneducated times, inexplicable ancient artifacts were credited to Jews, based on the biblical chronology of history: such as Jews' money
(1570s) "Roman coins found in England." In Greece, after Christianity
had erased the memory of classical glory, ruins of pagan temples were
called "Jews' castles," and in Cornwall, Jews' houses was the name for the remains of ancient tin-smelting works.
jew (v.)
"to cheat, to drive a hard bargain," 1824, from Jew (n.) (compare gyp, welsh,
etc.). "Though now commonly employed without direct reference to the
Jews as a race, it is regarded by them as offensive and opprobrious"
[Century Dictionary, 1902]. The campaign to eliminate it in early 20c.
was so successful that people also began to avoid the noun and
adjective, using Hebrew instead.
Now I'll say 'a Jew' and just the word Jew
sounds like a dirty word and people don't know whether to laugh or not.
[Lenny Bruce, "How to Talk Dirty and Influence People," 1965]
At the request of Hugh Hefner and with the aid of Paul Krassner, Bruce wrote the work in serialized format for Playboy in 1964 and 1965. Shortly thereafter it was released as a book by Playboy Publishing.[1] The book details the course of his career, which began in the late 1940s. In it, he challenges the sanctity of organized religion and other societal and political conventions he perceived as having hypocritical tendencies, and widened the boundaries of free speech. The title is a parody of the 1936 bestseller How to Win Friends and Influence People, by Dale Carnegie.
also gip, "to cheat, swindle," 1889, American English, traditionally derived from Gypsy (n.). Gyp/gip/jip
is attested from 1794 as university slang for a servant that waited on
students in their halls. This is said to have been especially a
Cambridge word, and a story told there derived it from Greek gyps "vulture," in reference to thievish habits of the servants.
As a noun, "fraudulent action, a cheat," by 1914. Gypsy's abbreviated form Gip, Gyp is attested from 1840. Gypping or gipping
was a term late 19c. among horse dealers for tricks such as painting
the animal's gray hairs brown, puffing the gums, etc. Related: Gypped.
Comments
The Panzer Dragoon series takes place on an unspecified post-apocalyptic planet where the people compete for land, resources, and the technology of the Ancients. The ‘Ancients’ is the generic name given to the people that once controlled a world-spanning, hyper-advanced civilization thousands of years before the start of the Panzer Dragoon series of games. The Ancients were able to create monsters either for war use or practical uses. These creatures survived the downfall of the Ancients and are one of the main enemies in the series. A mysterious cataclysm, hinted at as a terrible war during the course of the series, would spell the downfall of this civilization and nearly destroy the world, leaving the survivors to eke out a bleak existence among the blasted remains in the ensuing millennia. Eventually, the Ancients and their works would gain a sort of 'godlike' respect, and a horrific regard, among some people as they passed into legend.
"During the bi-centennial year of The Constitution of the United States, a number of books were written concerning the origin of that long-revered document. One of these, The Genius of the People, alleged that after the many weeks of debate a committee sat to combine the many agreements into one formal document. The chairman of the committee was John Rutledge of South Carolina. He had served in an earlier time, along with Ben Franklin and others, at the Stamp Act Congress, held in Albany, New York. This Committee of Detail was having trouble deciding just how to formalize the many items of discussion into one document that would satisfy one and all. Rutledge proposed they model the new government they were forming into something along the lines of the Iroquois League of Nations, which had been functioning as a democratic government for hundreds of years, and which he had observed in Albany. While there were many desirable, as well as undesirable, models from ancient and modern histories in Europe and what we know now as the Middle East, only the Iroquois had a system that seemed to meet most of the demands espoused by the many parties to the debates. The Genius of the People alleged that the Iroquois had a Constitution which began: "We the people, to form a union. . ."
That one sentence was enough to light a fire under me, and cause me to do some deep research into ancient Iroquoian lore. I never did find that one sentence backed up in what writings there are concerning the ancient Iroquois. But I DID find sufficient data and evidence to convince me that the Iroquois most certainly did have a considerable influence on the drafting of our own Constitution, and we present-day Americans owe them a very large debt. At the time of the founding of the Iroquois League of Nations, no written language existed; we have only the early stories which were passed down from generation to generation, until such time as there was a written language, and interpreters available, to record that early history. One such document is listed below.
The Iroquois Constitution, also known as the Great Law of Peace, is a great oral narrative that documents the formation of a League of six nations: Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, and later on, the Tuscarora nations. The date of origin is contested, but it was well before the arrival of European settlers to America. The constitution, also commemorated on Wampum (beads fashioned from the shells of whelks and quahog clams), included more than a few familiar concepts: a restriction on holding dual offices, processes to remove leaders within the confederacy, a bicameral legislature with procedures in place for passing laws, a delineation of power to declare war, and a creation of a balance of power between the Iroquois Confederacy and individual tribes, according to later transcriptions. Founding Fathers such as Benjamin Franklin were in regular contact with the Iroquois Confederacy, and Great Council leaders were invited to address the Continental Congress in 1776."
c. 1200, "an evil spirit, malignant supernatural being, an incubus, a devil," from Latin daemon "spirit," from Greek daimon "deity, divine power; lesser god; guiding spirit, tutelary deity" (sometimes including souls of the dead); "one's genius, lot, or fortune;" from PIE *dai-mon- "divider, provider" (of fortunes or destinies), from root *da- "to divide."
The malignant sense is because the Greek word was used (with daimonion) in Christian Greek translations and the Vulgate for "god of the heathen, heathen idol" and also for "unclean spirit." Jewish authors earlier had employed the Greek word in this sense, using it to render shedim "lords, idols" in the Septuagint, and Matthew viii.31 has daimones, translated as deofol in Old English, feend or deuil in Middle English. Another Old English word for this was hellcniht, literally "hell-knight."
The usual ancient Greek sense, "supernatural agent or intelligence lower than a god, ministering spirit" is attested in English from 1560s and is sometimes written daemon or daimon for purposes of distinction. Meaning "destructive or hideous person" is from 1610s; as "an evil agency personified" (rum, etc.) from 1712.
*da-
*dā-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to divide."
It forms all or part of: betide; daimon; Damocles; deal (v.); deal (n.1) "part, portion;" demagogue; demiurge; democracy; demography; demon; demotic; dole; endemic; epidemic; eudaemonic; geodesic; geodesy; ordeal; pandemic; pandemonium; tidal; tide (n.) "rise and fall of the sea;" tidings; tidy; time; zeitgeist.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dati "cuts, divides;" Greek dēmos "people, land," perhaps literally "division of society," daiesthai "to divide;" Old Irish dam "troop, company;" Old English tid "point or portion of time," German Zeit "time."
demagogue (n.) ((de)magog)
1640s, "an unprincipled popular orator or leader; one who seeks to obtain political power by pandering to the prejudices, wishes, ignorance, and passions of the people or a part of them," ultimately from Greek demagogos "popular leader," also "leader of the mob," from dēmos "people, common people" (originally "district," from PIE *da-mo- "division," from root *da- "to divide") + agogos "leader," from agein "to lead" (from PIE root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move").
In a historical sense from 1650s, "a leader of the masses in an ancient city or state, one who sways the people by oratory or persuasion." Often a term of disparagement since the time of its first use (in Athens, 5c. B.C.E.). Form perhaps influenced by French démagogue (mid-14c.).
Indeed, since the term demagogos explicitly denotes someone who leads or shepherds the demos, the eventual use of this word as the primary epithet for a political panderer represents a virtual reversal of its original meaning. The word demagogos in fact implies that the people need someone to lead them and that political power, at least in part, is exercised appropriately through this leadership.demiurge (n.)
1670s, from Latinized form of Greek dēmiourgos, literally "public or skilled worker, worker for the people," from dēmos "common people" (see demotic) + ergos "work," from PIE root *werg- "to do."
The title of a magistrate in some Peloponnesian city-states and the Achæan League; taken in Platonic philosophy as a name for the maker of the world. In the Gnostic system, "conceived as a being subordinate to the Supreme Being, and sometimes as the author of evil" [OED]. Related: Demiurgic; demiurgical (c. 1600); demiurgeous.
Gnosticism presents a distinction between the highest, unknowable God or Supreme Being and the demiurgic "creator" of the material. Several systems of Gnostic thought present the Demiurge as antagonistic to the will of the Supreme Being: his act of creation occurs in an unconscious semblance of the divine model, and thus is fundamentally flawed, or else is formed with the malevolent intention of entrapping aspects of the divine in materiality. Thus, in such systems, the Demiurge acts as a solution to (or, at least possibly, the problem or cause that gives rise to)[citation needed] the problem of evil.
Mythos
One Gnostic mythos describes the declination of aspects of the divine into human form. Sophia (Greek: Σοφία, lit. "wisdom"), the Demiurge's mother a partial aspect of the divine Pleroma or "Fullness," desired to create something apart from the divine totality, without the receipt of divine assent. In this act of separate creation, she gave birth to the monstrous Demiurge and, being ashamed of her deed, wrapped him in a cloud and created a throne for him within it. The Demiurge, isolated, did not behold his mother, nor anyone else, and concluded that only he existed, ignorant of the superior levels of reality.
The Demiurge, having received a portion of power from his mother, sets about a work of creation in unconscious imitation of the superior Pleromatic realm: He frames the seven heavens, as well as all material and animal things, according to forms furnished by his mother; working however blindly, and ignorant even of the existence of the mother who is the source of all his energy. He is blind to all that is spiritual, but he is king over the other two provinces. The word dēmiourgos properly describes his relation to the material; he is the father of that which is animal like himself.
Thus Sophia's power becomes enclosed within the material forms of humanity, themselves entrapped within the material universe: the goal of Gnostic movements was typically the awakening of this spark, which permitted a return by the subject to the superior, non-material realities which were its primal source.
Angels
Psalm 82 begins (verse 1), "God stands in the assembly of El [LXX: assembly of gods], in the midst of the gods he renders judgment", indicating a plurality of gods, although it does not indicate that these gods were co-actors in creation. Philo had inferred from the expression "Let us make man" of the Book of Genesis that God had used other beings as assistants in the creation of man, and he explains in this way why man is capable of vice as well as virtue, ascribing the origin of the latter to God, of the former to His helpers in the work of creation.
The earliest Gnostic sects ascribe the work of creation to angels, some of them using the same passage in Genesis. So Irenaeus tells of the system of Simon Magus, of the system of Menander, of the system of Saturninus, in which the number of these angels is reckoned as seven, and of the system of Carpocrates. In the report of the system of Basilides, we are told that our world was made by the angels who occupy the lowest heaven; but special mention is made of their chief, who is said to have been the God of the Jews, to have led that people out of the land of Egypt, and to have given them their law. The prophecies are ascribed not to the chief but to the other world-making angels.
The Latin translation, confirmed by Hippolytus of Rome, makes Irenaeus state that according to Cerinthus (who shows Ebionite influence), creation was made by a power quite separate from the Supreme God and ignorant of Him. Theodoret, who here copies Irenaeus, turns this into the plural number "powers", and so Epiphanius of Salamis represents Cerinthus as agreeing with Carpocrates in the doctrine that the world was made by angels.
Samael (Hebrew: סַמָּאֵל Sammāʾēl, "Venom of God", "Poison of God", or "Blindness of God"; rarely "Smil", "Samil", or "Samiel") is an archangel in Talmudic and post-Talmudic lore, a figure who is the accuser (Ha-Satan), seducer, and destroyer (Mashhit). Although many functions usually associated with Samael resemble the Christian notion of Satan, he is not necessarily evil, since his functions are also regarded as causing good, such as destroying the sinners.
He is considered in Talmudic texts to be a member of the heavenly host with often grim and destructive duties. One of Samael's greatest roles in Jewish lore is that of the main angel of death and the head of satans. Although he condones the sins of man, he remains one of God's servants. He appears frequently in the story of Garden of Eden and engineered the fall of Adam and Eve with a snake, in writings during the Second Temple period. However, serpent is not a form of Samael, but a beast he rode like a camel. In some traditions he is also believed to be the father of Cain as well as the partner of Lilith.
As guardian angel and prince of Rome, he is the archenemy of Israel. By the beginning of Jewish culture in Europe, Samael had been established as a representantive of Christianity, due to its identification with Rome.
In some Gnostic cosmologies, Samael's role as source of evil became identified with the Demiurge, the creator of the material world. Although probably both accounts originate from the same source, the Gnostic development differs from the Jewish development of Samael, in which Samael is merely an angel and servant of God.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah
Meshuggah was formed in 1987 by vocalist and guitarist Jens Kidman, and took the name Meshuggah from the Yiddish word for "crazy", which is derived from Hebrew word מְשׁוּגָע. Kidman found the word in an American street slang dictionary
Samael first appears during the Second Temple Period and immediately after its destruction. He is the dominant evil figure in the Book of Baruch as he plants the Tree of knowledge, thereupon he is banished by God. To take revenge, he tempts Adam into sin. Further he appears as the embodiment of evil in the Ascension of Isaiah, often identified as "Melkira" (Heb.: מלך רע melek ra - lit. "king of evil", "king of the wicked") or "Malkira"/"Malchira" (מלאך רע malakh/malach ra - "messenger of evil", "angel of iniquity") or "Belkira" (prob. בעל קיר baal qir - "lord of the wall") or "Bechira" (בחיר רע bachir ra, - "the elect of evil", "chosen by evil"). The names Belial and Satan are also applied to him and he gains control of King Manasseh in order to accuse Isaiah of treason.
Further he is mentioned in the Book of Enoch along with other rebellious angels. However, in 1 Book of Enoch he is one of the rebellious angels, he is not their leader. In the talmudic-midrashic literature Samael's role as an agent of evil is rather marginal, but from the fifth or sixth century onwards, this name becomes one of the most prominent among the demonic entities again. In the Exodus Rabbah, Samael is depicted as the accuser in the heavenly court and tempting to sin, while Michael defends Israel's actions. Here, Samael is identified with Satan. While Satan describes his function as an accuser, Samael is considered to be his proper name. He also fulfills the role of the Angel of Death, when he comes to take the soul of Moses and is called the leader of satans.
The title of satan is also applied to him, in the midrash Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, there he is the chief of fallen angels. Samaels role here might be influenced by the Islamic idea of Iblis, who similar to Samael, refused to prostrate himself before Adam, because he consists of fire and Adam merely from dust. In the Midrash Konen, he is the ruler of the third hell. Several sources, such as Yalkut Shimoni (I, 110) describe him as the guardian angel of Esau relating him to Rome, the one who wrestled with Jacob, the angel who ordered Abraham into sacrificing Isaac, and a patron of Edom.
In the Zohar, Samael is mentioned again as the serpent's rider. However, the same work later calls him Azazel. This link might arise from a case of mistaken identity, as Azazel might be himself in Zoharistic lore a combination of the angels Aza and Azrael. Samael also mated with Eisheth Zenunim, Na'amah, and Agrat bat Mahlat, all being "angels" of sacred prostitution.
He is also depicted as the angel of death and one of the seven archangels, the ruler over the Fifth Heaven[according to whom?] and commander of two million angels such as the chief of other destroying angels.
According to The Ascension of Moses, Samael is also mentioned as being in 7th Heaven:
In the Apocryphon of John, On the Origin of the World and Hypostasis of the Archons, found in the Nag Hammadi library, Samael is one of three names of the demiurge, whose other names are Yaldabaoth and Saklas. After Yaldabaoth claims sole divinity for himself, the voice of Sophia comes forth calling him Samael, due to his ignorance. In On the Origin of the World his name is explained as "blind god" and his fellow Archons are said to be blind, too. This reflecting the characteristics of the Christian devil, making people blind, as does the devil in 2 Corinthians 4. Also Samael is the first sinner in the Hypostasis of the Archons and the First Epistle of John is calls the devil as sinner from the beginning. These characteristics combined with his boasting conflates the Jewish god with the devil. His appearance is that of a lion-faced serpent. Although the Gnostics and Jewish originally used the same source, both depictions of Samael developed independently.
Samael is sometimes confused in some books with Camael, who appears in the Gospel of Egyptians also as an evil power, whose name is similar to words meaning "like God" (but Camael with a waw missing). The name might be explained, because in Jewish traditions, the snake had the form of a camel, before it was banished by God.
Anthroposophy
To anthroposophists, Samael is known as one of the seven archangels: Saint Gregory gives the seven archangels as Anael, Gabriel, Michael, Oriphiel, Raphael, Samael, and Zerachiel.[citation needed] They are all imagined to have a special assignment to act as a global zeitgeist ("time-spirit"), each for periods of about 360 years.yaldabaoth
At Athens the list of annual archons begins with 682 bc. By the middle of the 7th century bc, executive power was in the hands of nine archons, who shared the religious, military, and judicial functions.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Archon-Gnosticism
Archon, in gnosticism, any of a number of world-governing powers that were created with the material world by a subordinate deity called the Demiurge
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church
Whereas formerly Gnosticism was considered mostly a corruption of Christianity, it now seems clear that traces of Gnostic systems can be discerned some centuries before the Christian Era.[15] Gnosticism may have been earlier than the 1st century, thus predating Jesus Christ.[16] It spread through the Mediterranean and Middle East before and during the 2nd and 3rd centuries, becoming a dualistic heresy to Judaism (see Notzrim), Christianity and Hellenic philosophy in areas controlled by the Roman Empire and Arian Goths (see Huneric), and the Persian Empire. Conversion to Islam and the Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229) greatly reduced the remaining number of Gnostics throughout the Middle Ages, though a few isolated communities continue to exist to the present. Gnostic ideas became influential in the philosophies of various esoteric mystical movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and North America, including some that explicitly identify themselves as revivals or even continuations of earlier gnostic groups.
El (deity)
ʼĒl (or ʼIl, Ugaritic: ??; Phoenician:?? Hebrew: אל; Syriac: ܐܠ; Arabic: إل or إله; cognate to Akkadian: ?, romanized: ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning "god" or "deity", or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. A rarer form, ʼila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic archaic biliteral ʼ‑l, meaning "god".
Specific deities known as ʼEl or ʼIl include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Mesopotamia’s Early Dynastic Period.Israel
*wen- (1)
Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to desire, strive for."
It forms all or part of: vanadium; Vanir; venerate; veneration; venerable; venereal; venery (n.1) "pursuit of sexual pleasure;" venery (n.2) "hunting, the sports of the chase;" venial; venison; venom; Venus; wean; ween; Wend "Slavic people of eastern Germany;" win; winsome; wish; wont; wynn.
https://www.etymonline.com/word/proto-proto-
before vowels prot-, word-forming element meaning "first, source, parent, preceding, earliest form, original, basic," from Greek proto-, from protos "first," from PIE *pre-, from root *per- (1) "forward" (hence "before, first").
https://www.etymonline.com/word/Israeli?ref=etymonline_crossreference
Israeli (n.)
"citizen of the state of Israel," 1948, from Israel + Hebrew national designation suffix -i. Also used in English as the adjective (1948). It distinguishes the citizens of the modern state from the ancient people who had been known in English since 14c. as Israelites (see Israelite).
https://www.yaiy.org/literature/HebrewOrigionalLang.html
"Growing numbers of Bible-believers maintain that the first language of man was Hebrew. Among authorities, Noah Webster’s dictionary is not alone in tracing many English words back to the Hebrew language. Yet the belief that Hebrew was the original language has long since been replaced by the concept of an "Indo–Aryan" mother language. A recent book reopens the question and provides solid evidence supporting Hebrew as the mother of all languages. Evidence shows that Hebrew is also the language of heaven."
"Introduction"The curriculum of Harvard was full of Hebrew, and an early graduate thesis at Harvard concerned Hebrew as the Mother tongue. Noah Webster’s etymologies (discredited for 200 years now) were full of English words traced to ‘Shemite’ sources."
So reads the preface of author Isaac Mozeson’s book, The Word, in which he touts Hebrew as the original language of mankind. Quite comprehensive, his book has many examples of word origins traced back to Hebrew. Some literary critics rave at Mozeson’s bold assertions showing Hebrew to be the mother of all languages."
Revelation 3:9
"I will make those of the synagogue of Satan who say that they are Jews and are not, but are lying—I will make them come and bow down before your feet, and they will learn that I have loved you."
Revelation 2:9 New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)
“I know your affliction and your poverty, even though you are rich. I know the slander on the part of those who say that they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan"
Jew (n.)
late 12c., Giw, Jeu, "a Jew (ancient or modern), one of the Jewish race or religion," from Anglo-French iuw, Old French giu (Modern French Juif), from Latin Iudaeum (nominative Iudaeus), from Greek Ioudaios, from Aramaic (Semitic) jehudhai (Hebrew y'hudi) "a Jew," from Y'hudah "Judah," literally "celebrated," name of Jacob's fourth son and of the tribe descended from him.
Spelling with J- predominated from 16c. Replaced Old English Iudeas "the Jews," which is from Latin. As an offensive and opprobrious term, "person who seeks gain by sordid means," c. 1600. Jews' harp "simple mouth harp" is from 1580s, earlier Jews' trump (1540s); the connection with Jewishness is obscure, unless it is somehow biblical.
In uneducated times, inexplicable ancient artifacts were credited to Jews, based on the biblical chronology of history: such as Jews' money (1570s) "Roman coins found in England." In Greece, after Christianity had erased the memory of classical glory, ruins of pagan temples were called "Jews' castles," and in Cornwall, Jews' houses was the name for the remains of ancient tin-smelting works.
jew (v.)
"to cheat, to drive a hard bargain," 1824, from Jew (n.) (compare gyp, welsh, etc.). "Though now commonly employed without direct reference to the Jews as a race, it is regarded by them as offensive and opprobrious" [Century Dictionary, 1902]. The campaign to eliminate it in early 20c. was so successful that people also began to avoid the noun and adjective, using Hebrew instead.
Now I'll say 'a Jew' and just the word Jew sounds like a dirty word and people don't know whether to laugh or not. [Lenny Bruce, "How to Talk Dirty and Influence People," 1965]How to Talk Dirty and Influence People is an autobiography by Lenny Bruce, an American satirist and comedian, who died in 1966 at age 40 of a drug overdose.
At the request of Hugh Hefner and with the aid of Paul Krassner, Bruce wrote the work in serialized format for Playboy in 1964 and 1965. Shortly thereafter it was released as a book by Playboy Publishing.[1] The book details the course of his career, which began in the late 1940s. In it, he challenges the sanctity of organized religion and other societal and political conventions he perceived as having hypocritical tendencies, and widened the boundaries of free speech. The title is a parody of the 1936 bestseller How to Win Friends and Influence People, by Dale Carnegie.
https://www.etymonline.com/word/gyp?ref=etymonline_crossreferencegyp (v.)
also gip, "to cheat, swindle," 1889, American English, traditionally derived from Gypsy (n.). Gyp/gip/jip is attested from 1794 as university slang for a servant that waited on students in their halls. This is said to have been especially a Cambridge word, and a story told there derived it from Greek gyps "vulture," in reference to thievish habits of the servants.
As a noun, "fraudulent action, a cheat," by 1914. Gypsy's abbreviated form Gip, Gyp is attested from 1840. Gypping or gipping was a term late 19c. among horse dealers for tricks such as painting the animal's gray hairs brown, puffing the gums, etc. Related: Gypped.