The presence of O2
provided life with new opportunities. Aerobic metabolism is more
efficient than anaerobic pathways, and the presence of oxygen created
new possibilities for life to explore.:214, 586 Since the start of the Cambrian period, atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15% and 35% of atmospheric volume. The maximum of 35% was reached towards the end of the Carboniferous
period (about 300 million years ago), a peak which may have contributed
to the large size of insects and amphibians at that time. Whilst human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, affect relative carbon dioxide concentrations, their effect on the much larger concentration of oxygen is less significant.
Effects on life
The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is often cited as a
possible contributor to large-scale evolutionary phenomena, such as the
origin of the multicellularEdiacara biota, the Cambrian explosion, trends in animal body size, and other extinction and diversification events.
The large size of insects and amphibians in the Carboniferous period,
when the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere reached 35%, has been
attributed to the limiting role of diffusion in these organisms'
metabolism.[citation needed] But Haldane's essay
points out that it would only apply to insects. However, the biological
basis for this correlation is not firm, and many lines of evidence show
that oxygen concentration is not size-limiting in modern insects. There is no significant correlation between atmospheric oxygen and maximum body size elsewhere in the geological record.
Ecological constraints can better explain the diminutive size of
post-Carboniferous dragonflies - for instance, the appearance of flying
competitors such as pterosaurs, birds and bats.
Rising oxygen concentrations have been cited as one of several
drivers for evolutionary diversification, although the physiological
arguments behind such arguments are questionable, and a consistent
pattern between oxygen concentrations and the rate of evolution is not
clearly evident. The most celebrated link between oxygen and evolution occurs at the end of the last of the Snowball
glaciations, where complex multicellular life is first found in the
fossil record. Under low oxygen concentrations and before the evolution
of nitrogen fixation, biologically-available nitrogen compounds were in limited supply and periodic "nitrogen crises" could render the ocean inhospitable to life. Significant concentrations of oxygen were just one of the prerequisites for the evolution of complex life.
Models based on uniformitarian principles (i.e. extrapolating
present-day ocean dynamics into deep time) suggest that such a
concentration was only reached immediately before metazoa first appeared in the fossil record.
Further, anoxic or otherwise chemically "nasty" oceanic conditions that
resemble those supposed to inhibit macroscopic life re-occur at
intervals through the early Cambrian, and also in the late Cretaceous –
with no apparent effect on lifeforms at these times.
This might suggest that the geochemical signatures found in ocean
sediments reflect the atmosphere in a different way before the Cambrian -
perhaps as a result of the fundamentally different mode of nutrient
cycling in the absence of planktivory.
An oxygen-rich atmosphere can release phosphorus and iron from
rock, by weathering, and these elements then become available for
sustenance of new species whose metabolisms require these elements as
oxides
"mid-14c. (implied in Tartary, "the land of the Tartars"), from Medieval Latin Tartarus, from Persian Tatar, first used 13c. in reference to the hordes of Ghengis Khan (1202-1227), said to be ultimately from Tata, a name of the Mongols for themselves. Form in European languages probably influenced by Latin Tartarus
"hell" (e.g. letter of St. Louis of France, 1270: "In the present
danger of the Tartars either we shall push them back into the Tartarus
whence they are come, or they will bring us all into heaven").The historical word for what now are called in ethnological works Tatars.
A Turkic people, their native region was east of the Caspian Sea.
Ghengis' horde was a mix of Tatars, Mongols, Turks, etc. Used
figuratively for "savage, rough, irascible person" (1660s)."
Now this king of Egypt was a descendant from the loins of Ham, and was a partaker of the blood of the Canaanites by birth.
22 From this descent sprang all the Egyptians, and thus the blood of the Canaanites was preserved in the land.
23 The land of Egypt
being first discovered by a woman, who was the daughter of Ham, and the
daughter of Egyptus, which in the Chaldean signifies Egypt, which
signifies that which is forbidden;
24 When
this woman discovered the land it was under water, who afterward
settled her sons in it; and thus, from Ham, sprang that race which
preserved the curse in the land.
25 Now the first government
of Egypt was established by Pharaoh, the eldest son of Egyptus, the
daughter of Ham, and it was after the manner of the government of Ham,
which was patriarchal.
"a throne was set in heaven, and one sat on the throne. 3And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone"
Exodus 4:6
And the LORD said furthermore unto him, Put
now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and
when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.7And
he said, Put thine hand into thy bosom again. And he put his hand into
his bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was
turned again as his other flesh.
Old English fæger "pleasing
to the sight (of persons and body features, also of objects, places,
etc.); beautiful, handsome, attractive," of weather, "bright, clear,
pleasant; not rainy," also in late Old English "morally good," from
Proto-Germanic *fagraz (source also of Old Saxon fagar, Old Norse fagr, Swedish fager, Old High German fagar "beautiful," Gothic fagrs "fit"), perhaps from PIE *pek- (1) "to make pretty" (source also of Lithuanian puošiu "I decorate").
The meaning in reference to weather preserves the oldest sense "suitable, agreeable" (opposed to foul
(adj.)). Of the main modern senses of the word, that of "light of
complexion or color of hair and eyes, not dusky or sallow" (of persons)
is from c. 1200, faire, contrasted to browne
and reflecting tastes in beauty. From early 13c. as "according with
propriety; according with justice," hence "equitable, impartial, just,
free from bias" (mid-14c.).
Old English fægere "beautifully," from fæger "beautiful" (see fair (adj.)). From c. 1300 as "honorably;" mid-14c. as "correctly; direct;" from 1510s as "clearly." Fair and square is from c. 1600. Fair-to-middling is from 1829, of livestock markets.
The extreme weather events of 535–536 were the most severe and protracted short-term episodes of cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2,000 years. The event is thought to have been caused by an extensive atmospheric dust veil, possibly resulting from a large volcanic eruption in the tropics. Its effects were widespread, causing unseasonable weather, crop failures, and famines worldwide.
The Byzantine historian Procopius recorded in 536 AD in his report on the wars with the Vandals, "during this year a most dread portent
took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness ... and
it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed
were not clear".
Further phenomena were reported by a number of independent contemporary sources:
Low temperatures, even snow during the summer (snow reportedly fell in August in China during the Northern and Southern dynasties, which caused the harvest there to be delayed)
It has been conjectured that the changes were caused by ashes or dust thrown into the air after the eruption of a volcano (a phenomenon known as "volcanic winter"), or after the impact of a comet or meteorite.
The evidence of sulfate deposits in ice cores strongly supports the
volcano hypothesis; the sulfate spike is even more intense than that
which accompanied the lesser episode of climatic aberration in 1816,
popularly known as the "Year Without a Summer", which has been connected to the explosion of the volcano Mount Tambora in Sumbawa.
In 1984, R. B. Stothers postulated that the event might have been caused by the volcano Rabaul in what is now New Britain, near Papua New Guinea.
In 1999, David Keys suggested that the volcano Krakatoa exploded at the time and caused the changes. It is suggested that an eruption of Krakatoa described as occurring in 416 by the Javanese Book of Kings actually took place in 535–536, there being no other evidence of such an eruption in 416.
In 2010, Robert Dull, John Southon, and colleagues presented evidence suggesting a link between the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador and the 536 event.[20] Although earlier published radiocarbon evidence suggested a two-sigma age range of 408–536,
which is consistent with the global climate downturn, the connection
between 536 and Ilopango was not explicitly made until research on
Central American Pacific margin marine sediment cores by Steffen
Kutterolf and colleagues showed that the phreatoplinian TBJ eruption was much larger than previously thought. The radioactive carbon-14 in successive growth increments of a single tree that had been killed by a TBJ pyroclastic flow was measured in detail using accelerator mass spectrometry; the results supported the date of 535 as the year in which the tree died. A conservative bulk tephra volume for the TBJ event of ~84 km3 was calculated, indicating a large Volcanic Explosivity Index
6+ event and a magnitude of 6.9. The results suggest that the Ilopango
TBJ eruption size, latitude, and age are consistent with the ice core
sulphate records of Larsen et al. 2008.
A 2015 study further supported the theory of a major eruption in
"535 or early 536", with North American volcanoes considered a likely
candidate. It also identified signals of a second eruption in 539–540,
likely to have been in the tropics, which would have sustained the
cooling effects of the first eruption through to around 550.
In 2018, Harvard University researchers suggested the cause was a volcanic eruption in Iceland that erupted in early 536. However, the author of the previous study said to Science magazine that the evidence is insufficient to discard the North America hypothesis.
The 536 event and ensuing famine have been suggested as an explanation for the deposition of hoards of gold by Scandinavian elites at the end of the Migration Period. The gold was possibly a sacrifice to appease the gods and get the sunlight back.[25][26]
The decline of Teotihuacán, a huge city in Mesoamerica, is also associated with the droughts related to the climate changes, with signs of civil unrest and famines.
A book written by David Keys speculates that the climate changes contributed to various developments, such as the emergence of the Plague of Justinian, the decline of the Avars, the migration of Mongolian tribes towards the West, the end of the Sassanid Empire, the collapse of the Gupta Empire, the rise of Islam, the expansion of Turkic tribes, and the fall of Teotihuacán. In 2000, a 3BM Television production (for WNET and Channel Four) capitalized upon Keys' book. The documentary, under the name Catastrophe! How the World Changed, was broadcast in the US as part of PBS's Secrets of the Dead series. However, Keys and Wohletz' ideas lack mainstream acceptance. Reviewing Keys' book, British archaeologist Ken Dark
commented that "much of the apparent evidence presented in the book is
highly debatable, based on poor sources or simply incorrect. [...]
Nonetheless, both the global scope and the emphasis on the 6th century
AD as a time of wide-ranging change are notable, and the book contains
some obscure information which will be new to many. However, it fails to
demonstrate its central thesis and does not offer a convincing
explanation for the many changes discussed".
Therfor
dragouns schulen dwelle with fonned wielde men, and ostrigis schulen
dwelle therynne; and it schal no more be enhabitid `til in to with outen
ende, and it schal not be bildid `til to generacioun and generacioun
39 Therefore dragons shall dwell with fond wild men, and ostriches shall dwell
therein; and it shall "no more be inhabited" till into without end, and it
shall not be builded till to generation and generation; (And so
dragons, or jackals, shall live there with foolish wild men, and ostriches, or owls, shall live there also; and it shall no more be inhabited until forever, and it shall not be rebuilt until forever;)
Therefore wild
beasts of the desert shall dwell [in Babylon] with the jackals, and
ostriches shall dwell there. And it shall "never again be inhabited with
people", even from generation to generation.
The Complete Jewish Bible "Therefore
wildcats and jackals will live there, and ostriches will settle there.
It will never again be "peopled", it will be uninhabited age after age;
Bible in Basic English For this
reason the beasts of the waste land with the wolves will make their
holes there and the ostriches will be living in it: never again will "men"
be living there, it will be "unpeopled" from generation to generation.
Easy-to-Read Version "Babylon will
never again be filled with people. Wild dogs, ostriches, and other
desert animals will live there. But no people will live there ever
again.
The Geneva Bible (1587) Therefore
the Ziims with the Iims shall dwel there, & the ostriches shal dwel
therein: for it shall be no more inhabited, neither shall it be
inhabited from generation vnto generation.
George Lamsa Translation of the Peshitta Therefore
screech-owls shall dwell in her, and ostriches shall inhabit her; and
she shall be no more inhabited for ever; neither shall she be inhabited
throughout generations.
The Bishop's Bible (1568) Therfore
shall wylde beastes, Lamia, and Cat of mountaynes, and Estreches dwell
therin: for there shall neuer man dwell there, neither shall any man
haue his habitation there for euermore.
Young's Literal Translation
Therefore
dwell do Ziim with Iim, Yea, dwelt in her have daughters of the
ostrich, And it is not inhabited any more for ever, Nor dwelt in unto
all generations.
The name Ziim is probably not really a name. According to only the Young
translation, a people named the Ziim is mentioned in Jeremiah 50:39,
and Isaiah 13:21, 23:13 and 34:14. It's not clear why Young figures that
only these four occurrences of the word ציים denote a people, and not the others.
Young also speaks of a people called the Iim ("Therefore dwell do Ziim with Iim..". — Jeremiah 50:39) and the Aiim (Isaiah 13:22 and 34:14: "And met have Ziim with Aiim..".).
The name Aiim is probably not really a name. Only the Young translation
insists on speaking of these people, who would occupy the ruins of Babylon (Isaiah 13:22), and would also meet with another dubious people named the Ziim, and live happily ever after in the ruins of Zion (Isaiah 34:14). This is the same verse in which some translations (but not Young, curiously) also have Lilith settle there.
Young also speaks of a people named the Iim, who would live together
with the Ziim as well, and whose name is spelled the same as the Aiim
(and even pointed the same by the medieval Masoretes). Why Young thinks that the Aiim and the Iim are not the same people (called either Iim or Aiim) is not clear.
Se’īrīm (Hebrew: שעירים, singular sa'ir) are a kind of demon. Sa’ir was the ordinary Hebrew word for "he-goat", and it is not always clear what the word's original meaning might have been. But in early Jewish thought, represented by targumim and possibly 3 Baruch, along with translations of the Hebrew Bible such as the Peshitta and Vulgate, the se’īrīm were understood as demons. Se'īrīm are frequently compared with the shedim of Hebrew tradition, along with satyrs of Greek mythology and jinn of Arab culture.
Thus Isaiah 13:21 predicts, in Karen L. Edwards's translation: "But wild animals [ziim] will lie down there, and its houses will be full of howling creatures [ohim]; there ostriches will live, and there goat-demons [sa’ir] will dance." Similarly, Isaiah 34:14 declares: "Wildcats [ziim] shall meet with hyenas [iim], goat-demons [sa’ir] shall call to each other; there too Lilith [lilit] shall repose and find a place to rest."
In the Latin Vulgate translation of the Old Testament, sa’ir is translated as "pilosus", which also means "hairy". Jerome, the translator of the Vulgate, equated these figures with satyrs.
The caduceus (☤; /kəˈdjuːʃəs, -siəs/; Latin: cādūceus, from Greek: κηρύκειον kērū́keion "herald's wand, or staff")[2] is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. In Roman iconography, it was often depicted being carried in the left hand of Mercury, the messenger of the gods, guide of the dead, and protector of merchants, shepherds, gamblers, liars, and thieves.
In addition, Thoth was also known by specific aspects of himself, for instance the moon god Iah-Djehuty (j3ḥ-ḏḥw.ty), representing the Moon for the entire month.[14]
The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions.[15]
One of Thoth's titles, "Thrice great", was translated to the Greek τρισμέγιστος (trismégistos), making Hermes Trismegistus
The Greek myths were initially propagated in an oral-poetic tradition most likely by Minoan and Mycenaean singers starting in the 18th century BC; eventually the myths of the heroes of the Trojan War and its aftermath became part of the oral tradition of Homer's epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Two poems by Homer's near contemporary Hesiod, the Theogony and the Works and Days, contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the succession of divine rulers, the succession of human ages, the origin of human woes, and the origin of sacrificial practices. Myths are also preserved in the Homeric Hymns, in fragments of epic poems of the Epic Cycle, in lyric poems, in the works of the tragedians and comedians of the fifth century BC, in writings of scholars and poets of the Hellenistic Age, and in texts from the time of the Roman Empire by writers such as Plutarch and Pausanias.
A druid (Welsh: derwydd; Old Irish: druí; Scottish Gaelic: draoidh) was a member of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic
cultures. Perhaps best remembered as religious leaders, they were also
legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals, and
political advisors. While the druids are reported to have been
literate, they are believed to have been prevented by doctrine from
recording their knowledge in written form, thus they left no written
accounts of themselves. They are however attested in some detail by
their contemporaries from other cultures, such as the Romans and the
Greeks.
The earliest known references to the druids date to the fourth century BCE and the oldest detailed description comes from Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico (50s BCE). They were also described by later Greco-Roman writers such as Cicero, Tacitus, and Pliny the Elder.
Following the Roman invasion of Gaul, the druid orders were suppressed
by the Roman government under the 1st century CE emperors Tiberius and Claudius, and had disappeared from the written record by the 2nd century.
In about 750 CE the word druid appears in a poem by Blathmac, who wrote about Jesus,
saying that he was "... better than a prophet, more knowledgeable than
every druid, a king who was a bishop and a complete sage." The druids then also appear in some of the medieval tales from Christianized Ireland like the "Táin Bó Cúailnge", where they are largely portrayed as sorcerers who opposed the coming of Christianity. In the wake of the Celtic revival during the 18th and 19th centuries, fraternal and neopagan groups were founded based on ideas about the ancient druids, a movement known as Neo-Druidism.
Many popular notions about druids, based on misconceptions of 18th
century scholars, have been largely superseded by more recent study
he modern English word druid derives from the Latin druidēs (plural), which was considered by ancient Roman writers to come from the native Celtic Gaulish word for these figures. Other Roman texts also employ the form druidae, while the same term was used by Greek ethnographers as δρυΐδης (druidēs). Although no extant Romano-Celtic inscription is known to contain the form, the word is cognate with the later insular Celtic words, Old Irishdruí ‘druid, sorcerer’, Old Cornishdruw, Middle Welshdryw ‘seer; wren’. Based on all available forms, the hypothetical proto-Celtic word may then be reconstructed as *dru-wid-s (pl. *druwides) meaning "oak-knower". The two elements go back to the Proto-Indo-European roots *deru- and *weid- "to see". The sense of "oak-knower" or "oak-seer" is supported by Pliny the Elder, who in his Natural History considered the word to contain the Greek noun drýs (δρύς), "oak-tree" and the Greek suffix -idēs (-ιδης). Both Old Irish druí and Middle Welsh dryw could also refer to the wren, possibly connected with an association of that bird with augury in Irish and Welsh tradition (see also Wren Day).
Greek and Roman writers frequently made reference to the druids as practitioners of human sacrifice.
According to Caesar, those who had been found guilty of theft or other
criminal offences were considered preferable for use as sacrificial
victims, but when criminals were in short supply, innocents would be
acceptable. A form of sacrifice recorded by Caesar was the burning alive
of victims in a large wooden effigy, now often known as a wicker man. A differing account came from the 10th-century Commenta Bernensia, which claimed that sacrifices to the deities Teutates, Esus and Taranis were by drowning, hanging and burning, respectively (see threefold death).
Diodorus Siculus asserts that a sacrifice acceptable to the Celtic gods
had to be attended by a druid, for they were the intermediaries between
the people and the divinities. He remarked upon the importance of
prophets in druidic ritual:
"These men predict the future by observing the flight and calls
of birds and by the sacrifice of holy animals: all orders of society are
in their power... and in very important matters they prepare a human
victim, plunging a dagger into his chest; by observing the way his limbs
convulse as he falls and the gushing of his blood, they are able to
read the future."
There is archaeological evidence from western Europe that has been
widely used to back up the idea that human sacrifice was performed by
the Iron Age Celts.
Mass graves found in a ritual context dating from this period have been
unearthed in Gaul, at both Gournay-sur-Aronde and Ribemont-sur-Ancre
in what was the region of the Belgae chiefdom. The excavator of these
sites, Jean-Louis Brunaux, interpreted them as areas of human sacrifice
in devotion to a war god,
although this view was criticized by another archaeologist, Martin
Brown, who believed that the corpses might be those of honoured warriors
buried in the sanctuary rather than sacrifices.
Some historians have questioned whether the Greco-Roman writers were
accurate in their claims. J. Rives remarked that it was "ambiguous"
whether the druids ever performed such sacrifices, for the Romans and
Greeks were known to project what they saw as barbarian traits onto
foreign peoples including not only druids but Jews and Christians as
well, thereby confirming their own "cultural superiority" in their own
minds.
Nora Chadwick,
an expert in medieval Welsh and Irish literature who believed the
druids to be great philosophers, has also supported the idea that they
had not been involved in human sacrifice, and that such accusations were
imperialist Roman propaganda
"The Pythagorean doctrine prevails among the Gauls' teaching
that the souls of men are immortal, and that after a fixed number of
years they will enter into another body."
Caesar made similar observations:
With regard to their actual course
of studies, the main object of all education is, in their opinion, to
imbue their scholars with a firm belief in the indestructibility of the
human soul, which, according to their belief, merely passes at death
from one tenement to another; for by such doctrine alone, they say,
which robs death of all its terrors, can the highest form of human
courage be developed. Subsidiary to the teachings of this main
principle, they hold various lectures and discussions on astronomy,
on the extent and geographical distribution of the globe, on the
different branches of natural philosophy, and on many problems connected
with religion.
— Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico, VI, 13
Diodorus Siculus,
writing in 36 BCE, described how the druids followed "the Pythagorean
doctrine", that human souls "are immortal and after a prescribed number
of years they commence a new life in a new body." In 1928, folklorist Donald A. Mackenzie speculated that Buddhist missionaries had been sent by the Indian king Ashoka. Others have invoked common Indo-European parallels. Caesar noted the druidic doctrine of the original ancestor of the tribe, whom he referred to as Dispater, or Father Hades.
Druids also play a prominent role in Irish Folklore,
generally serving lords and kings as high ranking priest-counselors
with the gift of prophecy and other assorted mystical abilities - the
best example of these possibly being Cathbad. The chief druid in the court of King Conchobar mac Nessa of Ulster, Cathbad features in several tales, most of which detail his ability to foretell the future. In the tale of Deirdre of the Sorrows – the foremost tragic heroine of the Ulster Cycle
– the druid prophesied before the court of Conchobar that Deirdre would
grow up to be very beautiful, but that kings and lords would go to war
over her, much blood would be shed because of her, and Ulster's three
greatest warriors would be forced into exile for her sake. This
prophecy, ignored by the king, came true.
Arguably the greatest of these mythological druids was Amergin Glúingel,[33] a bard and judge for the Milesians featured in the Mythological Cycle. The Milesians were seeking to overrun the Tuatha De Danann
and win the land of Ireland but, as they approached, the druids of the
Tuatha Dé Danann raised a magical storm to bar their ships from making
landfall. Thus Amergin called upon the spirit of Ireland itself,
chanting a powerful incantation that has come to be known as The Song of Amergin
and, eventually (after successfully making landfall), aiding and
dividing the land between his royal brothers in the conquest of Ireland, earning the title Chief Ollam of Ireland.
http://elitesesotericsymbols.blogspot.com/2019/01/cult-of-aton-part-12-milesians.html The end of Akhenaton's reign in Egypt was in no way the end of the Cult of Aton.
After the expulsion of Akhenaton and his Atonist supporters, the Cult
of Aton fragmented to different branches. One of the most important
chapter in this history of fragmentation is the movement of some
powerful Atonists from Egypt to Western Europe. This is the story of Mile and Scota.
Hyksos kings
- the creators of the Cult of Aton in Lower Egypt - had many allies
around the Mediterranean. One group of their allies was called the Scythians.
These people lived on the shores of the Black Sea, but they were Celts
who were originally from the British Isles. The great scholar Michael
Tsarion believes the Hyksos were ethnically related to the Scythians.
"The
Atonist coterie, who were expelled along with Akhenaton were, like the
pharaoh himself, members of this Hyksos dynasty of wealthy and powerful
kings and priests. The Hyksos, we believe, were connected to, and possibly identical with, the Scythians
of Northern Europe. These Scythians were Celts (or more correctly
Gaels) displaced to Europe after the Age of Catastrophe. They were, we
believe, originally from the British Isles. If, therefore, it is true
that the Hyksos and the Israelites were one and the same people, as
serveral investigators now allege, it means that the Israelites were in
fact, in their earliest incarnation, Gaels from the North-West. We
believe the legends and the etymology prove this to be very likely." - Michael Tsarion (The Irish Origins of Civilization)
Alliances are made by marriages. One Scythian royal prince called Mile was married to Meritaten,
the daughter of Akhenaton, also known as Scota. Mile and Scota lived in
Egypt in Akhenaton's court, and were among the expelled Atonists after
the civil war between Atonists and Amenists.
Instead of seeking refuge in some Mediterranean royal court, Mile and
Scota decided to go back to the lands of their forefathers - Ireland -
with a large coterie of supporters. In Irish mythology this group of
invaders was called Milesians.
"After the
fall of Akhenaton (1400 BC), Scythian-Hyksos-Atonists made their way
Westward to later invade Spain and Ireland. These conquerors - known in
Irish mythology as the Milesians - were responsible for the destruction
of the Druids. One of their elite members was Atonist Princess
Meritaten, daughter of Akhenaton and Nefertiti. She was also known as Scota, a name derived from Scuti or Scut, by which Scythians were originally known. After the Milesian-Atonist invasion, Ireland was given the name Scota. Later, the Irish took their princess's name to Scotland ("Land
of Scota" or "Land of the Scots or Scythians"). The
Scythian-Hyksos-Atonists were none other than the "Israelites" and
"Judites" of the Old Testament. A study of their symbolism leaves us in
no doubt of this." - ibid
But why on earth would some royals living in Egypt move to Ireland? Did they even know about such a place?
Yes they did. And this is the part the official history books do not
want to discuss. Ancient Egypt had a very special connection to ancient
Ireland. It was the Druids of Ireland who came to Egypt as Wise ones and Elders,
and brought with them the wisdom and knowledge of the ancients. It was
the Druids who planted the seeds of the great civilization of Egypt.
"Those who became known as "Jews" were, however, originally neither
Israelites nor Hebrews, and were not racially Semitic. The term Hebrew
(and possibly also Jew) comes from the Old Irish Iur, and the Irish
Gaelic Ibur or Iburu meaning "Yew Tree," or "Men of the Yew." The yew
tree was considered very sacred to the Druids and Egyptian Magi. The
Ibaru (or Ibri, Abri, or Abari) turn up in Egypt as the "Wise Ones" or
"Elders." The letter "H," added as a prefix, simply meant "the," and so
the word Hebrew meant "the Ebru" or "the Ibaru." This is the origin of
the word Iberia which signified Spain and Hibernia which signified
Ireland. The word rabbi is a rendition or variant of this ancient name
Abari or Ibaru. The Ibaru were Druidic Elders who had traveled to Egypt
in remote periods and who had brought solar worship there. They were
probably akin to the predynastic Shemsu Hor or "Disciples of Horus," the
tall, fair-complexioned, technically proficient race whose remains were
found in tombs in Nubia by the eminent archaeologist Professor Walter
B. Emery." - ibid
For example, did you know the first pharaoh of the first dynasty traveled to Ireland, and was in fact buried in there?
"The first pharaoh of the first dynasty of Egypt, and founder of the great city of Memphis, King Menes is
buried in Northern Ireland. [...] It is not surprising, therefore, that
he should have wished to travel to Ireland, the original homeland of
his ancestors." -ibid
The Scythians are generally believed to have been of Iranian origin. They spoke a language of the Scythian branch of the Eastern Iranian languages, and practiced a variant of ancient Iranian religion. Among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare, the Scythians replaced the Cimmerians as the dominant power on the Pontic Steppe in the 8th century BC. During this time they and related peoples came to dominate the entire Eurasian Steppe from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to Ordos Plateau in the east, creating what has been called the first Central Asian nomadic empire. Based in what is modern-day Ukraine and southern Russia, the Scythians called themselves Scoloti and were led by a nomadic warrior aristocracy known as the Royal Scythians.
In the 7th century BC, the Scythians crossed the Caucasus and frequently raided the Middle East along with the Cimmerians, playing an important role in the political developments of the region. Around 650–630 BC, Scythians briefly dominated the Medes of the western Iranian Plateau, stretching their power to the borders of Egypt.
After losing control over Media, the Scythians continued intervening in
Middle Eastern affairs, playing a leading role in the destruction of
the Assyrian Empire in the Sack of Nineveh in 612 BC. The Scythians subsequently engaged in frequent conflicts with the Achaemenid Empire. The Scythians suffered a major defeat against Macedonia in the 4th century BC and were subsequently gradually conquered by the Sarmatians, a related Iranian people living to their east. In the late 2nd century BC, their capital at Scythian Neapolis in the Crimea was captured by Mithradates VI and their territories incorporated into the Bosporan Kingdom. By this time they had been largely Hellenized. By the 3rd century AD, the Sarmatians and last remnants of the Scythians were dominated by the Alans, and were being overwhelmed by the Goths. By the early Middle Ages, the Scythians and the Sarmatians had been largely assimilated and absorbed by early Slavs. The Scythians were instrumental in the ethnogenesis of the Ossetians, who are believed to be descended from the Alans.
The Scythians played an important part in the Silk Road, a vast trade network connecting ancient Greece, Persia, India, and China, perhaps contributing to the contemporary flourishing of those civilisations.
Settled metalworkers made portable decorative objects for the
Scythians. These objects survive mainly in metal, forming a distinctive Scythian art.
The name of the Scythians survived in the region of Scythia. Early authors continued to use the term "Scythian", applying it to many groups unrelated to the original Scythians, such as Huns, Goths, Turks, Avars, Khazars, and other unnamed nomads. The scientific study of the Scythians is called Scythology.
Scythian Neapolis (Greek: Σκυθική Νεάπολις)
was a settlement that existed from the end of the 3rd century BC until
the second half of the 3rd century AD. Anciently, it was considered a
town of the Tauric Chersonesus (Crimea). The archeological ruins sit on the outskirts of the present-day Simferopol. This city was the center of the Crimean Scythian tribes, led by Skilurus and Palacus (who were probably buried at the local mausoleum). The town ruled over a small kingdom, covering the lands between the lower Dnieper river and Crimea.
In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, it was a city "with a mixed
Scythian-Greek population, strong defensive walls and large public
buildings constructed using the orders of Greek architecture". Neapolis was destroyed halfway through the 3rd century AD by the Goths.
In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word Ashkenaz occurs in Genesis 10:3; in its parallel, 1 Chronicles 1:6; and in Jeremiah 51:27.13 The word has been identified with the Akkadian (i.e., Babylonian) word Ishkuza for
the Scythians. More problematic is the identification of the “foes from
the north” in Jeremiah and in Habakkuk with the Scythians, a view
favored by a minority of scholars.14 I have contended that
there is new archaeological evidence to suggest that some Scythians may
have served as mercenaries in the Babylonian armies of Nebuchadnezzar
when they attacked Jerusalem.15
Scythian history
Cuneiform sources
The cuneiform texts of Assyrian kings refer to the invasion of the
Cimmerians and the Scythians in the eighth through the seventh centuries
B.C. along Assyria’s northern frontier. In a careful examination of
these sources, Anne G. Kristensen rejects the classical evidence that
the former tribes came from the north and locates Gamir in the area of the Mannai (biblical Minni) near Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran.16
But, she then comes to the curious conclusion that the Cimmerians were
the “lost tribes” deported by the Assyrians from the northern kingdom of
Israel.
Classical sources
Hesiod (7th c. B.C.) is the first Greek writer to note the Scythians.
The most important source for the early history of the Scythians,
Medes, and Persians was the fifth-century “Father of History,”
Herodotus,17 who traveled to the Greek colony of Olbia18
on the northern shore of the Black Sea to get invaluable information on
the history and culture of the Scythians, who had eventually settled in
the area of present-day Ukraine. Though some of the details of
Herodotus’s account have been questioned, archeological evidence has
confirmed much of his information on the Scythians.19
Scythian origins
The Scythians were the first of numerous waves of warriors on horses
who swept westward over the vast Eurasian steppes, which extend from
Mongolia more than four thousand miles to the Carpathian Mountains in
Europe. They would be followed over the centuries by groups such as the
Huns, the Magyars (who settled in Hungary), the Bulgars (who settled in
Bulgaria), and the Mongols.
Their original home may have been at the eastern edge of this steppe
region near the Altai Mountains of Siberia, where pole tops from the
eighth century B.C., which are similar to those later excavated in the
Scythian mound burials in the Ukraine, have been found. According to
Herodotus (4.12), after moving westward around the Caspian Sea, the
Scythians pursued the Cimmerian tribes over the Caucasus Mountains.
Reliefs depicting the soldiers of the Achaemenid army, Xerxes I tomb, circa 480 BCE. The Achaemenids referred to all nomads to their north as Saka, and divided them into three categories: The Sakā tayai paradraya ("beyond the sea", presumably the Scythians), the Sakā tigraxaudā (“with pointed caps”), and the Sakā haumavargā ("Hauma drinkers", furthest East).
Comments
Effects on life
The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is often cited as a possible contributor to large-scale evolutionary phenomena, such as the origin of the multicellular Ediacara biota, the Cambrian explosion, trends in animal body size, and other extinction and diversification events.
The large size of insects and amphibians in the Carboniferous period, when the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere reached 35%, has been attributed to the limiting role of diffusion in these organisms' metabolism.[citation needed] But Haldane's essay points out that it would only apply to insects. However, the biological basis for this correlation is not firm, and many lines of evidence show that oxygen concentration is not size-limiting in modern insects. There is no significant correlation between atmospheric oxygen and maximum body size elsewhere in the geological record. Ecological constraints can better explain the diminutive size of post-Carboniferous dragonflies - for instance, the appearance of flying competitors such as pterosaurs, birds and bats.
Rising oxygen concentrations have been cited as one of several drivers for evolutionary diversification, although the physiological arguments behind such arguments are questionable, and a consistent pattern between oxygen concentrations and the rate of evolution is not clearly evident. The most celebrated link between oxygen and evolution occurs at the end of the last of the Snowball glaciations, where complex multicellular life is first found in the fossil record. Under low oxygen concentrations and before the evolution of nitrogen fixation, biologically-available nitrogen compounds were in limited supply and periodic "nitrogen crises" could render the ocean inhospitable to life. Significant concentrations of oxygen were just one of the prerequisites for the evolution of complex life. Models based on uniformitarian principles (i.e. extrapolating present-day ocean dynamics into deep time) suggest that such a concentration was only reached immediately before metazoa first appeared in the fossil record. Further, anoxic or otherwise chemically "nasty" oceanic conditions that resemble those supposed to inhibit macroscopic life re-occur at intervals through the early Cambrian, and also in the late Cretaceous – with no apparent effect on lifeforms at these times. This might suggest that the geochemical signatures found in ocean sediments reflect the atmosphere in a different way before the Cambrian - perhaps as a result of the fundamentally different mode of nutrient cycling in the absence of planktivory.
An oxygen-rich atmosphere can release phosphorus and iron from rock, by weathering, and these elements then become available for sustenance of new species whose metabolisms require these elements as oxides
22 From this descent sprang all the Egyptians, and thus the blood of the Canaanites was preserved in the land.
23 The land of Egypt being first discovered by a woman, who was the daughter of Ham, and the daughter of Egyptus, which in the Chaldean signifies Egypt, which signifies that which is forbidden;
24 When this woman discovered the land it was under water, who afterward settled her sons in it; and thus, from Ham, sprang that race which preserved the curse in the land.
25 Now the first government of Egypt was established by Pharaoh, the eldest son of Egyptus, the daughter of Ham, and it was after the manner of the government of Ham, which was patriarchal.
Revelation 4:3
https://www.etymonline.com/word/fair
Old English fæger "pleasing to the sight (of persons and body features, also of objects, places, etc.); beautiful, handsome, attractive," of weather, "bright, clear, pleasant; not rainy," also in late Old English "morally good," from Proto-Germanic *fagraz (source also of Old Saxon fagar, Old Norse fagr, Swedish fager, Old High German fagar "beautiful," Gothic fagrs "fit"), perhaps from PIE *pek- (1) "to make pretty" (source also of Lithuanian puošiu "I decorate").
The meaning in reference to weather preserves the oldest sense "suitable, agreeable" (opposed to foul (adj.)). Of the main modern senses of the word, that of "light of complexion or color of hair and eyes, not dusky or sallow" (of persons) is from c. 1200, faire, contrasted to browne and reflecting tastes in beauty. From early 13c. as "according with propriety; according with justice," hence "equitable, impartial, just, free from bias" (mid-14c.).
The Byzantine historian Procopius recorded in 536 AD in his report on the wars with the Vandals, "during this year a most dread portent took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness ... and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear".
The Gaelic Irish Annals recorded the following:
Further phenomena were reported by a number of independent contemporary sources:
It has been conjectured that the changes were caused by ashes or dust thrown into the air after the eruption of a volcano (a phenomenon known as "volcanic winter"), or after the impact of a comet or meteorite. The evidence of sulfate deposits in ice cores strongly supports the volcano hypothesis; the sulfate spike is even more intense than that which accompanied the lesser episode of climatic aberration in 1816, popularly known as the "Year Without a Summer", which has been connected to the explosion of the volcano Mount Tambora in Sumbawa.
In 1984, R. B. Stothers postulated that the event might have been caused by the volcano Rabaul in what is now New Britain, near Papua New Guinea.
In 1999, David Keys suggested that the volcano Krakatoa exploded at the time and caused the changes. It is suggested that an eruption of Krakatoa described as occurring in 416 by the Javanese Book of Kings actually took place in 535–536, there being no other evidence of such an eruption in 416.
In 2009, Dallas Abbott of Columbia University's Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory in New York published evidence from Greenland ice cores that multiple comet impacts caused the haze. The spherules found in the ice might originate from terrestrial debris ejected into the atmosphere by an impact event.
In 2010, Robert Dull, John Southon, and colleagues presented evidence suggesting a link between the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador and the 536 event.[20] Although earlier published radiocarbon evidence suggested a two-sigma age range of 408–536, which is consistent with the global climate downturn, the connection between 536 and Ilopango was not explicitly made until research on Central American Pacific margin marine sediment cores by Steffen Kutterolf and colleagues showed that the phreatoplinian TBJ eruption was much larger than previously thought. The radioactive carbon-14 in successive growth increments of a single tree that had been killed by a TBJ pyroclastic flow was measured in detail using accelerator mass spectrometry; the results supported the date of 535 as the year in which the tree died. A conservative bulk tephra volume for the TBJ event of ~84 km3 was calculated, indicating a large Volcanic Explosivity Index 6+ event and a magnitude of 6.9. The results suggest that the Ilopango TBJ eruption size, latitude, and age are consistent with the ice core sulphate records of Larsen et al. 2008.
A 2015 study further supported the theory of a major eruption in "535 or early 536", with North American volcanoes considered a likely candidate. It also identified signals of a second eruption in 539–540, likely to have been in the tropics, which would have sustained the cooling effects of the first eruption through to around 550.
The 536 event and ensuing famine have been suggested as an explanation for the deposition of hoards of gold by Scandinavian elites at the end of the Migration Period. The gold was possibly a sacrifice to appease the gods and get the sunlight back.[25][26]
The decline of Teotihuacán, a huge city in Mesoamerica, is also associated with the droughts related to the climate changes, with signs of civil unrest and famines.
A book written by David Keys speculates that the climate changes contributed to various developments, such as the emergence of the Plague of Justinian, the decline of the Avars, the migration of Mongolian tribes towards the West, the end of the Sassanid Empire, the collapse of the Gupta Empire, the rise of Islam, the expansion of Turkic tribes, and the fall of Teotihuacán. In 2000, a 3BM Television production (for WNET and Channel Four) capitalized upon Keys' book. The documentary, under the name Catastrophe! How the World Changed, was broadcast in the US as part of PBS's Secrets of the Dead series. However, Keys and Wohletz' ideas lack mainstream acceptance. Reviewing Keys' book, British archaeologist Ken Dark commented that "much of the apparent evidence presented in the book is highly debatable, based on poor sources or simply incorrect. [...] Nonetheless, both the global scope and the emphasis on the 6th century AD as a time of wide-ranging change are notable, and the book contains some obscure information which will be new to many. However, it fails to demonstrate its central thesis and does not offer a convincing explanation for the many changes discussed".The Wycliffe Bible (1395)
Jeremiah 50:39
Jeremiah 50:39-41 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
39 Therefore dragons shall dwell with fond wild men, and ostriches shall dwell therein; and it shall "no more be inhabited" till into without end, and it shall not be builded till to generation and generation; (And so dragons, or jackals, shall live there with foolish wild men, and ostriches, or owls, shall live there also; and it shall no more be inhabited until forever, and it shall not be rebuilt until forever;)
https://www.studylight.org/bible/wyc/jeremiah/50-39.html
The Amplified Bible"Therefore wildcats and jackals will live there, and ostriches will settle there. It will never again be "peopled", it will be uninhabited age after age;
For this reason the beasts of the waste land with the wolves will make their holes there and the ostriches will be living in it: never again will "men" be living there, it will be "unpeopled" from generation to generation.
"Babylon will never again be filled with people. Wild dogs, ostriches, and other desert animals will live there. But no people will live there ever again.
The Geneva Bible (1587)
Therefore the Ziims with the Iims shall dwel there, & the ostriches shal dwel therein: for it shall be no more inhabited, neither shall it be inhabited from generation vnto generation.
George Lamsa Translation of the Peshitta
Therefore screech-owls shall dwell in her, and ostriches shall inhabit her; and she shall be no more inhabited for ever; neither shall she be inhabited throughout generations.
The Bishop's Bible (1568)
Young's Literal TranslationTherfore shall wylde beastes, Lamia, and Cat of mountaynes, and Estreches dwell therin: for there shall neuer man dwell there, neither shall any man haue his habitation there for euermore.
The name Ziim is probably not really a name. According to only the Young translation, a people named the Ziim is mentioned in Jeremiah 50:39, and Isaiah 13:21, 23:13 and 34:14. It's not clear why Young figures that only these four occurrences of the word ציים denote a people, and not the others.
Young also speaks of a people called the Iim ("Therefore dwell do Ziim with Iim..". — Jeremiah 50:39) and the Aiim (Isaiah 13:22 and 34:14: "And met have Ziim with Aiim..".).
The name Aiim is probably not really a name. Only the Young translation insists on speaking of these people, who would occupy the ruins of Babylon (Isaiah 13:22), and would also meet with another dubious people named the Ziim, and live happily ever after in the ruins of Zion (Isaiah 34:14). This is the same verse in which some translations (but not Young, curiously) also have Lilith settle there.
Young also speaks of a people named the Iim, who would live together with the Ziim as well, and whose name is spelled the same as the Aiim (and even pointed the same by the medieval Masoretes). Why Young thinks that the Aiim and the Iim are not the same people (called either Iim or Aiim) is not clear.
Se’īrīm (Hebrew: שעירים, singular sa'ir) are a kind of demon. Sa’ir was the ordinary Hebrew word for "he-goat", and it is not always clear what the word's original meaning might have been. But in early Jewish thought, represented by targumim and possibly 3 Baruch, along with translations of the Hebrew Bible such as the Peshitta and Vulgate, the se’īrīm were understood as demons. Se'īrīm are frequently compared with the shedim of Hebrew tradition, along with satyrs of Greek mythology and jinn of Arab culture.
Thus Isaiah 13:21 predicts, in Karen L. Edwards's translation: "But wild animals [ziim] will lie down there, and its houses will be full of howling creatures [ohim]; there ostriches will live, and there goat-demons [sa’ir] will dance." Similarly, Isaiah 34:14 declares: "Wildcats [ziim] shall meet with hyenas [iim], goat-demons [sa’ir] shall call to each other; there too Lilith [lilit] shall repose and find a place to rest."
In the Latin Vulgate translation of the Old Testament, sa’ir is translated as "pilosus", which also means "hairy". Jerome, the translator of the Vulgate, equated these figures with satyrs.
A druid (Welsh: derwydd; Old Irish: druí; Scottish Gaelic: draoidh) was a member of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures. Perhaps best remembered as religious leaders, they were also legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals, and political advisors. While the druids are reported to have been literate, they are believed to have been prevented by doctrine from recording their knowledge in written form, thus they left no written accounts of themselves. They are however attested in some detail by their contemporaries from other cultures, such as the Romans and the Greeks.
The earliest known references to the druids date to the fourth century BCE and the oldest detailed description comes from Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico (50s BCE). They were also described by later Greco-Roman writers such as Cicero, Tacitus, and Pliny the Elder. Following the Roman invasion of Gaul, the druid orders were suppressed by the Roman government under the 1st century CE emperors Tiberius and Claudius, and had disappeared from the written record by the 2nd century.
In about 750 CE the word druid appears in a poem by Blathmac, who wrote about Jesus, saying that he was "... better than a prophet, more knowledgeable than every druid, a king who was a bishop and a complete sage." The druids then also appear in some of the medieval tales from Christianized Ireland like the "Táin Bó Cúailnge", where they are largely portrayed as sorcerers who opposed the coming of Christianity. In the wake of the Celtic revival during the 18th and 19th centuries, fraternal and neopagan groups were founded based on ideas about the ancient druids, a movement known as Neo-Druidism. Many popular notions about druids, based on misconceptions of 18th century scholars, have been largely superseded by more recent studyGreek and Roman writers frequently made reference to the druids as practitioners of human sacrifice. According to Caesar, those who had been found guilty of theft or other criminal offences were considered preferable for use as sacrificial victims, but when criminals were in short supply, innocents would be acceptable. A form of sacrifice recorded by Caesar was the burning alive of victims in a large wooden effigy, now often known as a wicker man. A differing account came from the 10th-century Commenta Bernensia, which claimed that sacrifices to the deities Teutates, Esus and Taranis were by drowning, hanging and burning, respectively (see threefold death).
Diodorus Siculus asserts that a sacrifice acceptable to the Celtic gods had to be attended by a druid, for they were the intermediaries between the people and the divinities. He remarked upon the importance of prophets in druidic ritual:
There is archaeological evidence from western Europe that has been widely used to back up the idea that human sacrifice was performed by the Iron Age Celts. Mass graves found in a ritual context dating from this period have been unearthed in Gaul, at both Gournay-sur-Aronde and Ribemont-sur-Ancre in what was the region of the Belgae chiefdom. The excavator of these sites, Jean-Louis Brunaux, interpreted them as areas of human sacrifice in devotion to a war god, although this view was criticized by another archaeologist, Martin Brown, who believed that the corpses might be those of honoured warriors buried in the sanctuary rather than sacrifices. Some historians have questioned whether the Greco-Roman writers were accurate in their claims. J. Rives remarked that it was "ambiguous" whether the druids ever performed such sacrifices, for the Romans and Greeks were known to project what they saw as barbarian traits onto foreign peoples including not only druids but Jews and Christians as well, thereby confirming their own "cultural superiority" in their own minds.
Nora Chadwick, an expert in medieval Welsh and Irish literature who believed the druids to be great philosophers, has also supported the idea that they had not been involved in human sacrifice, and that such accusations were imperialist Roman propaganda(reincarnation through unnatural methods)
Alexander Cornelius Polyhistor referred to the druids as philosophers and called their doctrine of the immortality of the soul and reincarnation or metempsychosis "Pythagorean":
Caesar made similar observations:
Diodorus Siculus, writing in 36 BCE, described how the druids followed "the Pythagorean doctrine", that human souls "are immortal and after a prescribed number of years they commence a new life in a new body." In 1928, folklorist Donald A. Mackenzie speculated that Buddhist missionaries had been sent by the Indian king Ashoka. Others have invoked common Indo-European parallels. Caesar noted the druidic doctrine of the original ancestor of the tribe, whom he referred to as Dispater, or Father Hades.
Druids also play a prominent role in Irish Folklore, generally serving lords and kings as high ranking priest-counselors with the gift of prophecy and other assorted mystical abilities - the best example of these possibly being Cathbad. The chief druid in the court of King Conchobar mac Nessa of Ulster, Cathbad features in several tales, most of which detail his ability to foretell the future. In the tale of Deirdre of the Sorrows – the foremost tragic heroine of the Ulster Cycle – the druid prophesied before the court of Conchobar that Deirdre would grow up to be very beautiful, but that kings and lords would go to war over her, much blood would be shed because of her, and Ulster's three greatest warriors would be forced into exile for her sake. This prophecy, ignored by the king, came true.
Arguably the greatest of these mythological druids was Amergin Glúingel,[33] a bard and judge for the Milesians featured in the Mythological Cycle. The Milesians were seeking to overrun the Tuatha De Danann and win the land of Ireland but, as they approached, the druids of the Tuatha Dé Danann raised a magical storm to bar their ships from making landfall. Thus Amergin called upon the spirit of Ireland itself, chanting a powerful incantation that has come to be known as The Song of Amergin and, eventually (after successfully making landfall), aiding and dividing the land between his royal brothers in the conquest of Ireland, earning the title Chief Ollam of Ireland.
Other such mythological druids were Tadg mac Nuadat of the Fenian Cycle, and Mug Ruith, a powerful blind druid of Munster.
The end of Akhenaton's reign in Egypt was in no way the end of the Cult of Aton. After the expulsion of Akhenaton and his Atonist supporters, the Cult of Aton fragmented to different branches. One of the most important chapter in this history of fragmentation is the movement of some powerful Atonists from Egypt to Western Europe. This is the story of Mile and Scota.
Hyksos kings - the creators of the Cult of Aton in Lower Egypt - had many allies around the Mediterranean. One group of their allies was called the Scythians. These people lived on the shores of the Black Sea, but they were Celts who were originally from the British Isles. The great scholar Michael Tsarion believes the Hyksos were ethnically related to the Scythians.
Alliances are made by marriages. One Scythian royal prince called Mile was married to Meritaten, the daughter of Akhenaton, also known as Scota. Mile and Scota lived in Egypt in Akhenaton's court, and were among the expelled Atonists after the civil war between Atonists and Amenists.
But why on earth would some royals living in Egypt move to Ireland? Did they even know about such a place?
Yes they did. And this is the part the official history books do not want to discuss. Ancient Egypt had a very special connection to ancient Ireland. It was the Druids of Ireland who came to Egypt as Wise ones and Elders, and brought with them the wisdom and knowledge of the ancients. It was the Druids who planted the seeds of the great civilization of Egypt.
For example, did you know the first pharaoh of the first dynasty traveled to Ireland, and was in fact buried in there?
The Scythians are generally believed to have been of Iranian origin. They spoke a language of the Scythian branch of the Eastern Iranian languages, and practiced a variant of ancient Iranian religion. Among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare, the Scythians replaced the Cimmerians as the dominant power on the Pontic Steppe in the 8th century BC. During this time they and related peoples came to dominate the entire Eurasian Steppe from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to Ordos Plateau in the east, creating what has been called the first Central Asian nomadic empire. Based in what is modern-day Ukraine and southern Russia, the Scythians called themselves Scoloti and were led by a nomadic warrior aristocracy known as the Royal Scythians.
In the 7th century BC, the Scythians crossed the Caucasus and frequently raided the Middle East along with the Cimmerians, playing an important role in the political developments of the region. Around 650–630 BC, Scythians briefly dominated the Medes of the western Iranian Plateau, stretching their power to the borders of Egypt. After losing control over Media, the Scythians continued intervening in Middle Eastern affairs, playing a leading role in the destruction of the Assyrian Empire in the Sack of Nineveh in 612 BC. The Scythians subsequently engaged in frequent conflicts with the Achaemenid Empire. The Scythians suffered a major defeat against Macedonia in the 4th century BC and were subsequently gradually conquered by the Sarmatians, a related Iranian people living to their east. In the late 2nd century BC, their capital at Scythian Neapolis in the Crimea was captured by Mithradates VI and their territories incorporated into the Bosporan Kingdom. By this time they had been largely Hellenized. By the 3rd century AD, the Sarmatians and last remnants of the Scythians were dominated by the Alans, and were being overwhelmed by the Goths. By the early Middle Ages, the Scythians and the Sarmatians had been largely assimilated and absorbed by early Slavs. The Scythians were instrumental in the ethnogenesis of the Ossetians, who are believed to be descended from the Alans.
The Scythians played an important part in the Silk Road, a vast trade network connecting ancient Greece, Persia, India, and China, perhaps contributing to the contemporary flourishing of those civilisations. Settled metalworkers made portable decorative objects for the Scythians. These objects survive mainly in metal, forming a distinctive Scythian art.
The name of the Scythians survived in the region of Scythia. Early authors continued to use the term "Scythian", applying it to many groups unrelated to the original Scythians, such as Huns, Goths, Turks, Avars, Khazars, and other unnamed nomads. The scientific study of the Scythians is called Scythology.
In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word Ashkenaz occurs in Genesis 10:3; in its parallel, 1 Chronicles 1:6; and in Jeremiah 51:27.13 The word has been identified with the Akkadian (i.e., Babylonian) word Ishkuza for the Scythians. More problematic is the identification of the “foes from the north” in Jeremiah and in Habakkuk with the Scythians, a view favored by a minority of scholars.14 I have contended that there is new archaeological evidence to suggest that some Scythians may have served as mercenaries in the Babylonian armies of Nebuchadnezzar when they attacked Jerusalem.15
Scythian history
Cuneiform sources
The cuneiform texts of Assyrian kings refer to the invasion of the Cimmerians and the Scythians in the eighth through the seventh centuries B.C. along Assyria’s northern frontier. In a careful examination of these sources, Anne G. Kristensen rejects the classical evidence that the former tribes came from the north and locates Gamir in the area of the Mannai (biblical Minni) near Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran.16 But, she then comes to the curious conclusion that the Cimmerians were the “lost tribes” deported by the Assyrians from the northern kingdom of Israel.
Classical sources
Hesiod (7th c. B.C.) is the first Greek writer to note the Scythians. The most important source for the early history of the Scythians, Medes, and Persians was the fifth-century “Father of History,” Herodotus,17 who traveled to the Greek colony of Olbia18 on the northern shore of the Black Sea to get invaluable information on the history and culture of the Scythians, who had eventually settled in the area of present-day Ukraine. Though some of the details of Herodotus’s account have been questioned, archeological evidence has confirmed much of his information on the Scythians.19
Scythian origins
The Scythians were the first of numerous waves of warriors on horses who swept westward over the vast Eurasian steppes, which extend from Mongolia more than four thousand miles to the Carpathian Mountains in Europe. They would be followed over the centuries by groups such as the Huns, the Magyars (who settled in Hungary), the Bulgars (who settled in Bulgaria), and the Mongols.
Their original home may have been at the eastern edge of this steppe region near the Altai Mountains of Siberia, where pole tops from the eighth century B.C., which are similar to those later excavated in the Scythian mound burials in the Ukraine, have been found. According to Herodotus (4.12), after moving westward around the Caspian Sea, the Scythians pursued the Cimmerian tribes over the Caucasus Mountains.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingachevir#/media/File:Crosses_from_Migachevir_church_complex.JPG