The river was named by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana,
who first came upon it in 1541. By the middle of the 17th century,
Jesuits had settled along its banks in the midst of numerous tribes:
Manau, Aruák, and Trumá Indians. After 1700 slaving along the river was
common, and Native American populations were greatly diminished after contact with Eurasian diseases.
A less-likely theory (attested by 1832) is that it represents some southern New England Algonquian language mangling of English.
In English a term of contempt (1750s) before its use as a general term
for "native of New England" (1765); during the American Revolution it
became a disparaging British word for all American natives or
inhabitants.
popular
tune of the American Revolution, apparently written c. 1755 by British
Army surgeon Dr. Richard Schuckburgh while campaigning with Amherst's
force in upper New York during the French and Indian War. The original
verses mocked the colonial troops (see Yankee) serving alongside the regulars, and the Doodle
element might have been, or hinted at, the 18c. slang term for "penis."
The song naturally was popular with British troops in the colonies
during the Revolutionary War, but after the colonials began to win
skirmishes with them in 1775, they took the tune as a patriotic prize
and re-worked the lyrics. The current version seems to have been written
in 1776 by Edward Bangs, a Harvard sophomore who also was a Minuteman.
The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, however, and the
royal governor of Virginia offered freedom to any slave who ran away to
join British forces. Thousands took him up on it, and Washington
relented almost immediately.
State legislators not only promised to free all black, Indian and
mulatto slaves who enlisted in the new 1st Rhode Island Regiment, but
offered to compensate their owners. Desperate for manpower, Washington
reluctantly agreed, and more than 140 black men signed up for what was
better known as the "Black Regiment," according to Williams, and served
until Gen. Lord Charles Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Va., in
1781.
In fact, they fought so bravely and inflicted so many casualties on
Hessian mercenaries during the battle of Newport, R.I., in the summer of
1778, that Williams said one Hessian officer resigned his commission
rather than lead his men against the 1st Rhode Island after the unit had
repelled three fierce Hessian assaults. He didn't want his men to think
he was leading them to slaughter.
The Rainbow Serpent or Rainbow Snake is a common deity (also known as Wagyl, Wuagyl, etc.) often seen as a creator god and a common motif in the art and religion of AboriginalAustralia. It is named for the identification between the shape of a rainbow and that of a snake.
Some scholars believe that the link between snake and rainbow suggests
the cycle of the seasons, for example blue (winter), red (summer),
yellow (spring) and orange (autumn), and the importance of water in
human life.
When the rainbow is seen in the sky, it is said to be the Rainbow
Serpent moving from one waterhole to another, and the divine concept
explained why some waterholes never dried up when drought struck.
Coined by Bernard Oliver in 1971, in allusion to the idea that this part
of the spectrum would be that used by extraterrestrial intelligence to
communicate.
In 1959 two Cornell University physicists described how we might answer
that question through interstellar communication. Philip Morrison and
Guiseppe Cocconi analyzed how two civilizations separated by many light
years of space might use electromagnetic radiation to communicate.
Electromagnetic radiation is the general term for the more familiar
light and radio waves, but also includes gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet
rays, and infrared. All of these forms of electromagnetic rays or
waves travel at the speed of light, the fastest possible speed. The
only difference between these types of electromagnetic waves is the
length or the wave or the “wavelength.” Since the waves all travel at
the speed of light, another way to characterize the wave is by the
number of waves received per second. This is the frequency of the
wave.
Morrison and Cocconi considered how well the types of electromagnetic
waves passed through interstellar space. While space is usually
described as a vacuum, it does contain some gas and dust. Over great
distances that gas and dust absorb many types of radiation but radio
waves pass through nearly unimpeded. For interstellar communication, a
particular range of radio frequencies, “microwaves” from 1 GHz to 10
GHz, are particularly good choices. At lower frequencies our galaxy
emits prodigious amounts of radio waves creating a loud background of
noise. At higher frequencies the Earth’s atmosphere, and presumably the
atmosphere of other Earth-like planets, absorbs and emits broad ranges
of radio frequencies. The result is a quiet “Microwave Window” through
which efficient radio communication is possible.
The Microwave Window has another interesting feature to recommend it
as a place for interstellar communication: the “Water Hole.” Some atoms
and molecules in space emit radio waves at particular frequencies.
Hydrogen atoms emit at 1420 MHz (a wavelength of 21 cm). Hydroxyl
molecules, composed of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (OH),
emit at four specific radio frequencies ranging from 1612 MHz to 1720
MHz. When a hydrogen atom combines with a hydroxyl molecule it forms a
molecule of water, the most essential molecule for life as we know it.
Thus, the range of frequencies from 1420 to 1720 MHz is called the Water
Hole. It has been a popular frequency range for many SETI programs.
“As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like
burning coals of fire, and like the appearance of lamps: it went up and
down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the
fire went forth lightning.”
Dr. Andrija K. Puharich, born in 1918 in Chicago, was a physician,
inventor and parapsychologist and has many patents of inventions in the
medical field to his name. Andrija Puharich had great admiration for the
Serbian scientist Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) for his research on low
frequency electromagnetic (ELF) waves in the early 20th century.
An important invention of Puharich, in 1983, was the splitting of
water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen by means of powerful resonance
resulting in an environmentally friendly fuel made of water. A
critical resonance in water molecules, induced by strong alternating
current impulses, which only strengthened itself, like soldiers marching
over a bridge.
The "breaking" of water through powerful resonance is to this day not
accepted by current science as a method for the production of hydrogen,
but this is exactly what took place in the resonance chamber of the
Great Pyramid. It is here applied for the cleanest possible way to
produce a very valuable fuel from the pure raw water. The water
molecules are 'broken' and the chambers and passages located above the
grotto (water seal or valve) in the well shaft of the Great Pyramid are
filled with the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas mixture (image 9).
In the resonance chamber (King's Chamber) of the Great Pyramid, which
is completely filled with water vapour, the water will decompose by
resonance instead of electricity, but finds the same reaction as for the
electrolysis of water: 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (hydrogen and oxygen from
water).
Image 9. Water (blue), water vapour (yellow) and hydrogen and oxygen (red)
In a fuel cell a reverse reaction takes place and therefore we call
it reverse electrolysis. In this case hydrogen and oxygen are guided to a
cathode and an anode that are separated to each other by a membrane,
and there an electric current starts to flow from the anode to the
cathode. Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy using heat,
and water is released. The water is thereby the waste or residue. This
reaction takes place in the two shafts of the reaction chamber or
Queen's Chamber.
Angalo is a legendary creation giant from Ilocano mythology with prehispanic origins in the Ilocos region of the Philippines. Angalo was the first man, and son of the god of building. Angalo's head touched the sky and he could easily walk from the Ilocos Region to Manila in one step. Through Angalo's actions, he shaped the hills and mountains of Luzon, formed the oceans, and put up the sky, sun, moon and stars. Prehispanic Ilocano people attributed the sound of thunder as Angalo's voice, earthquakes as his movements, and rainbows his hanging G-string. Angalo was not alone, he had a giant wife named Aran and together they had three daughters whom the Ilocano, Aeta and Igorot people are descendants
These people are considered to be Negritos,
whose skin ranges from dark to very dark brown, and possessing features
such as a small stature and frame; hair of a curly to kinky texture and
a higher frequency of naturally lighter colour (blondism)
relative to the general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes.
They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the
Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations.
The Aeta were included in the group of people named "Negrito" during the Spanish Era. Various Aeta groups in northern Luzon are named Pugut or Pugot, an Ilocano term that also means "goblin" or "forest spirit", and is the colloquial term for people with darker complexions.
Aeta hunters, as depicted in the Boxer Codex (c. 1595).
The history of the Aetas continues to confound anthropologists and
archaeologists. One theory suggests that the Aeta are the descendants of
the original inhabitants of the Philippines, who, contrary to their
seafaring Austronesian neighbors, arrived through land bridges
that linked the islands with the Asian mainland. Unlike many of their
Austronesian counterparts, the Aetas have shown resistance to change.
Aetas had little interaction with the Spaniards as they remained in the
mountains during the Spanish rule. Even the attempts of the Spaniards failed to settle them in reducciones or reservations all throughout Spanish rule.
According to Spanish observers like Miguel López de Legazpi,
Negritos possessed iron tools and weapons. Their speed and accuracy
with a bow and arrow were proverbial and they were fearsome warriors.
Unwary travelers or field workers were often easy targets. Despite their
martial prowess, however, the Aeta's small numbers, primitive economy
and lack of organization often made them easy prey for better-organized
groups. Zambals
seeking people to enslave would often take advantage of their internal
feuding. They were often enslaved and sold to Borneo and China, and,
unlike the serf feudal system imposed on other Filipinos, there was
little chance of manumission.
It is estimated that there are about 20,000 to 30,000 Aeta people living in the Philippines.
The Santo Niño de Cebú (Cebuano: Balaang Bata sa Sugbo, Filipino: Ang Banal na Sanggol ng Cebu, Spanish: Santo Niño de Cebú, Central Bicolano: Santo Nino kan Cebu) is a Roman Catholic title of the Child Jesus associated with a religious image of the Christ Child widely venerated as miraculous by Filipino Catholics. It is the oldest Christian artefact in the Philippines, originally a gift from explorer Ferdinand Magellan to Rajah Humabon and his chief consort on account of their baptism in 1521.
The Black Nazarene was carved by an unknown Mexican from a dark
wood in the 16th century in Mexico and then transported to the
Philippines in 1606. It depicts Jesus en route to his crucifixion. Pope Innocent X
granted recognition to the lay Confraternity of Santo Cristo Jesús
Nazareno in 1650 for the promotion of the devotion to Jesus through the
icon.
It was housed in several churches near Manila in the early decades,
arriving in Quiapo Church in 1787 where it has been enshrined ever
since. The icon is renowned in the Philippines and is considered by many Filipino Catholics to be miraculous; its mere touch reputed to cure disease. It attracts homage by numerous devotees and major processions every year.
The term Black Madonna or Black Virgin refers to statues or paintings of the Blessed Virgin Mary in which she, and often the infant Jesus, are depicted with black or dark skin.
The Black Madonna can be generally found in Catholic and Orthodox countries.
The statues or paintings are mostly wooden but occasionally
stone, often painted and up to 75 cm (30 in) tall. They fall into two
main groups: free-standing upright figures or seated figures on a
throne. The pictures are usually icons
which are Byzantine in style, often made in 13th- or 14th-century
Italy. There are about 400–500 Black Madonnas in Europe, depending on
how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in
France, and there are hundreds of non-medieval copies as well. Some are
in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by
devotees. A few are associated with miracles and attract substantial numbers of pilgrims.
Black Madonnas come in different forms, and the speculations
behind the reason for the dark skin of each individual piece vary
greatly and are not without controversy. Though some Madonnas were
originally black or brown when they were made, others have simply turned
darker due to factors like aging or candle smoke. Another cause for the dark-skinned depiction is due to pre-Christian deities being re-envisioned as the Madonna and child.
Overall,
the research into the Black Madonna phenomena is limited due to a wide
consensus among scholars that the dark-skinned aspect was unintentional.
Recently, however, interest in this subject has gathered more traction.
Important early studies of dark images in France were done by
Marie Durand-Lefebvre (1937), Emile Saillens (1945), and Jacques Huynen
(1972). The first notable study of the origin and meaning of the Black
Madonnas in English appears to have been presented by Leonard Moss at a
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
on December 28, 1952. Moss broke the images into three categories: (1)
dark brown or black Madonnas with physiognomy and skin pigmentation
matching that of the indigenous population; (2) various art forms that
have turned black as a result of certain physical factors such as
deterioration of lead-based pigments, accumulated smoke from the use of
votive candles, and accumulation of grime over the ages, and (3)
residual category with no ready explanation.
In the cathedral at Chartres, there were two Black Madonnas: Notre Dame de Pilar, a 1508 dark walnut copy of a 13th-century silver Madonna, standing atop a high pillar, surrounded by candles; and Notre Dame de Sous-Terre,
a replica of an original destroyed during the French Revolution.
Restoration work on the cathedral resulted in the painting of Notre Dame de Pilar, to reflect an earlier 19th century painted style, rendering the statue no longer a "Black Madonna".
Some scholars chose to investigate the significance of the
dark-skinned complexion to pilgrims and worshipers rather than focus on
whether or not this depiction was intentional. This is an important
subject because Black Madonnas house many of the most revered pilgrimage
sites by virtue of their presence. Monique Scheer,
one of these scholars, contributes the importance of the dark-skinned
depiction to its connection with authenticity. The reason for this
connection is the perceived age of the figures and the idea that these
depictions are more accurate to historical Mary, since many of the works
are eastern in origin and since Mary herself likely had dark skin.
Blackamoor is a European art style from the Early Modern period
depicting highly stylized figures, usually African males but sometimes
other non-European races, in subservient or exoticized form. Blackamoor
is often found in sculpture, jewelry, furniture, and decorative art.
In the Iberian peninsula historically this word does not exist. The Castilian word for the moor was moro, Portuguese: mouro and for a black negro, Portuguese: negro, preto,
but there has never been an Iberian word merging the two meanings. This
is because the terms simply referred to Muslims regardless of
ethnicity. The same can be said of the French cognate maure.
Blackamoor is now often viewed as racist and culturally insensitive
The flag of Sardinia, called the flag of the Four Moors or simply the Four Moors (Italian: I quattro mori; Sardinian: Sos bator moros and Is cuatru morus), represents and symbolizes the island of Sardinia (Italy) and its people. It was also the historical flag and coat of arms of the Spanish and later SavoyardKingdom of Sardinia. It was first officially adopted by the autonomous region in 1950 with a revision in 1999, describing it as a "white field with a red cross and a bandaged Moor's head facing away from the left (the edge close to the mast) in each quarter" (Regional Law 15 April 1999, n. 10, Art. 1).
The flag is composed of the St George's Cross and four heads of Moors,
which in the past may not have been forehead bandaged but blindfolded
and turned towards the left. But already well-preserved pictures from
the 16th century, clearly show a forehead bandage (see gallery below).
The most accepted hypothesis is that the heads represented the heads of
Moorish princes defeated by the Aragonese,
as for the first time they appeared in the 13th century seals of the
Crown of Aragon – although with a beard and no bandage, contrary to the
Moors of the Sardinian flag, which appeared for the first time in a
manuscript of the second half of the 14th century.
At the time of Spanish contact,
the Kalinagos were one of the dominant groups in the Caribbean, which
owes its name to them. They lived throughout northeastern South America,
Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, the Windward Islands, Dominica, and possibly the southern Leeward Islands. Historically, it was thought their ancestors were mainland Caribs, known as the Igneri.
The Igneri had conquered the islands from their previous inhabitants.
However, linguistic and archaeological evidence disputes the notion of a
mass emigration and conquest; the Island Carib language appears not to
have been Cariban, but Arawakan, like that of their neighbors, the Taíno.
Irving Rouse and others suggest that a smaller group of mainland Caribs
conquered the islands without displacing their inhabitants, eventually
adopting the local language but retaining their traditions of a South
American origin.
In the early colonial period, the Caribs had a reputation as
warriors who raided neighboring islands. According to the Spanish
conquistadores, the Carib Indians were cannibals who regularly ate roasted human flesh.
There are debates as to whether they were cannibals. Some claim there
is evidence as to the taking of human trophies and the ritual
cannibalism of war captives among both Carib and other Amerindian groups
such as the Arawak and Tupinamba. Others argue Europeans misunderstood
rituals, or falsely portrayed them to justify conquest and genocide.
Today, the Caribs and their descendants continue to live in the
Antilles. The Garifuna or "Black Caribs", a group of mixed Carib, Arawak and African ancestry, also live principally in Central America.
The Caribs are believed to have migrated from the Orinoco River area in South America to settle in the Caribbean islands about 1200 AD, according to carbon dating[citation needed]. Over the two centuries leading up to Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492, the Caribs mostly displaced the Maipurean-speaking Taínos
by warfare, extermination, and assimilation. The Taíno had settled the
island chains earlier in history, migrating from the mainland.
Black Caribs charibs , charibes refer to the powerful Garifuna ethnic group native to the island of St. Vincent. The Black Caribs or Garinagu are a mix of Amerindian and African people native to the island of Yurumein now called St Vincent. The Garifuna singular of Garinagu, population retains the traditional Caribbean culture and language. The Garifuna
people and Nationhe has grown significantly since their major wars with
the British empire, which resulted in their exile from St Vincent. On
April 12, 1797 only 2,000 Garinagu arrived on Roatan from over 4,000
originally expelled to the island of Baliceuax, near Yurumein, now known
as St Vincent, the homeland of the Garinagu people. The terrible loss
of life due to genocide by the British. In 2018 over 800,000 people have
been traced as descendants of those original 2,000 Garifuna people who
reached Roatan. The history of the Black Caribs or Garinagu is widely
evidenced & known due to the diaries of Columbus who wrote of the
large African presence on St Vincent during his voyage there in the
1490s as outlined by Dr Barry Fell, PhD Harvard University. The 1700
British colonists have also wrote about Black Carib Charibes Garifuna
presence in St Vincent in their early diaries held in the British
archives. The Black Caribs are thought to be from African Moors in the
1100s and the Malian Empire expedition of Abu Bakr II in 1312, this
thought is further heightened with St Vincent being the only modern
country in the world with towns named Mesopotamia & Peruvian Vale. Many of the Black Caribs or Garifuns were expelled from St. Vincent in 1797 and exported to the island of Roatán, Honduras, from there the majority migrated to the coast of the mainland of Central America, spread as far as Belize and Nicaragua,There is a small settlement remaining in St Vincent .
Depiction of treaty negotiations between Black Caribs and British authorities on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent, 1773.
Upon arrival of the Europeans, the island of St. Vincent was
populated by the indigenous Black Carib (Garifuna) It is said that the
Black Carib (Garifuna) were also excellent fishermen.
William Young's version
After
the arrival of the British to St. Vincent in 1667, the British Major
John Scott wrote a report for the British crown, explaining that St.
Vincent was populated by indigenous people and some blacks from two
Spanish ships wrecked on its shores. Later, in 1795, the British
governor of St. Vincent, William Young,
explained in another report, also addressed to the British Crown, the
island was populated by black slaves from two Spanish ships that had
sunk near the island of San Vincent in 1635 (although according other
authors as Idiáquez, the two slave ships wrecked between 1664 and 1670).
The ships carrying slaves headed to the West Indies (Bahamas and Antilles). According to Young's report, after the wreck, slaves from the ethnic group Hebo(Negro) from Nigeria, escaped and reached the small island of Bequia.
There, the yellow Caribs enslaved them and brought them to Saint
Vincent. However, according to Young, the slaves were too independent of
"spirit", prompting Caribbean teachers to plan to kill all the African
male children. When Africans heard about the yellow Caribs' plan, they
rebelled and killed all the Caribs they could, then headed to the
mountains, where they settled and lived with other slaves who had taken
refuge there before them. From the mountains, the former slaves attacked
and killed the Caribs continually, reducing them in number.
Current Version
However,
researchers such as the linguist specializing in the Garifuna language
Itarala, reject the theory of Young. According to them, most of the
slaves arrived in Saint Vincent came, actually, from other Caribbean
islands, who had settled in Saint Vincent in order to escape slavery in
his land. So, to Saint Vincent, came Maroons from all surrounding
plantations from the islands, but were diluted in the strong culture of
resistance Caribbean.
Although most of the slaves came from Barbados[1] (most of the slaves of this island were of present Nigeria and Ghana), but slaves also came from places like St. Lucia (where slaves were probably from the present Senegal, Nigeria,
Angola (Ambundu) and Akan people) and Grenada (where there were many slaves from Guineas, Sierra Leone, Nigeria (specifically Igbo), Angolans, Yoruba, Kongo
and Ghana). The Bajans and Saint Lucians arrived on the island in
pre-1735 dates. Later, after 1775, most of the slaves who came running
from other islands were Saint Lucians and Grenadians. After arriving at the island, they were received by the Caribs, who offered protection, enslaved them and, eventually, mixed with them.
In addition to the African refugees, the Caribs captured slaves
from neighboring islands (although they also had white people and their
own people as slaves), while they were in fighting against the British
and French. Many of the captured slaves were integrated into their
communities (this also occurred in islands like Dominica). After the
African rebellion against the Caribs, and their escape to the mountains,
over time, according to Itarala, the Africans from the mountains would
come down from the mountains to have sexual intercourse with Amerindian
women - perhaps because most Africans were men - or to search for other
kinds of food. The sexual intercourse did not necessarily lead to marriage.
On the other hand, if the Maroons abducted to Arauaco-Caribbean
women or married them, is another of the contradictions between the
French documents and memory of the Garinagu. Andrade Coelho states that
"whatever the case, the Caribs never consented to give their daughters
in marriage to blacks".
Conversely, Sebastian R. Cayetano, argues that "Africans were married
with women Caribs of the islands, giving birth to the Garifuna".
According to Charles Gullick some Caribs were mixed peacefully with the
Maroons and some not, creating two factions, that of the Black Caribs
and the Yellow Caribs, who fought on more than one occasion in the late
seventeenth and early eighteenth. According to Itarala, many intermarried between indigenous and African people, was which caused the origin of the Black Caribs.
Joseph Chatoyer, the chief of the Black Caribs in St.Vincent, in an 1801 engraving
We have heard of the
pride of Moab; he is very proud: even of his haughtiness, and his pride,
and his wrath: but his lies shall not be so.
Therefore
shall Moab howl for Moab, every one shall howl: for the foundations of
Kirhareseth shall ye mourn; surely they are stricken.
For
the fields of Heshbon languish, and the vine of Sibmah: the lords of
the heathen have broken down the principal plants thereof, they are come
even unto Jazer, they wandered through the wilderness: her branches are
stretched out, they are gone over the sea.
Jeremiah 48:46-47 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
46 Moab,
woe to thee; thou people of Chemosh, hast perished, for why thy sons
and thy daughters be taken into captivity. (Moab, woe to thee; thou
people of Chemosh have perished, for thy sons and thy daughters be taken
into captivity.)
47 And
I shall turn (again) the captivity of Moab in the last days, saith the
Lord. Hitherto be the dooms of Moab. (But I shall restore the fortunes
of Moab in the last days, saith the Lord. Heretofore is the judgement, or the sentence, upon Moab.)
1 O God, do not keep silence; do not hold your peace or be still, O God! 2 Even now your enemies are in tumult; those who hate you have raised their heads. 3 They lay crafty plans against your people; they consult together against those you protect. 4 They say, “Come, let us wipe them out as a nation; let the name of Israel be remembered no more.” 5 They conspire with one accord; against you they make a covenant— 6 the tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites, Moab and the Hagrites, 7 Gebal and Ammon and Amalek, Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre; 8 Assyria also has joined them; they are the strong arm of the children of Lot.Selah
9 Do to them as you did to Midian, as to Sisera and Jabin at the Wadi Kishon, 10 who were destroyed at En-dor, who became dung for the ground. 11 Make their nobles like Oreb and Zeeb, all their princes like Zebah and Zalmunna, 12 who said, “Let us take the pastures of God for our own possession.”
13 O my God, make them like whirling dust, like chaff before the wind. 14 As fire consumes the forest, as the flame sets the mountains ablaze, 15 so pursue them with your tempest and terrify them with your hurricane. 16 Fill their faces with shame, so that they may seek your name, O Lord. 17 Let them be put to shame and dismayed forever; let them perish in disgrace. 18 Let them know that you alone, whose name is the Lord, are the Most High over all the earth.
Is there no longer wisdom in Teman? Has counsel perished from the prudent? Has their wisdom vanished? 8 Flee, turn back, get down low, inhabitants of Dedan! For I will bring the calamity of Esau upon him, the time when I punish him. 9 If grape-gatherers came to you, would they not leave gleanings? If thieves came by night, even they would pillage only what they wanted. 10 But as for me, I have stripped Esau bare, I have uncovered his hiding places, and he is not able to conceal himself. His offspring are destroyed, his kinsfolk and his neighbors; and he is no more. 11 Leave your orphans, I will keep them alive; and let your widows trust in me.
12 For thus says the Lord:
If those who do not deserve to drink the cup still have to drink it,
shall you be the one to go unpunished? You shall not go unpunished; you
must drink it. 13 For by myself I have sworn, says the Lord,
that Bozrah shall become an object of horror and ridicule, a waste, and
an object of cursing; and all her towns shall be perpetual wastes.
14 I have heard tidings from the Lord, and a messenger has been sent among the nations: “Gather yourselves together and come against her, and rise up for battle!” 15 For I will make you least among the nations, despised by humankind. 16 The terror you inspire and the pride of your heart have deceived you, you who live in the clefts of the rock, who hold the height of the hill. Although you make your nest as high as the eagle’s, from there I will bring you down, says the Lord.
17 Edom shall become an object of horror; everyone who passes by it will be horrified and will hiss because of all its disasters. 18 As when Sodom and Gomorrah and their neighbors were overthrown, says the Lord, no one shall live there, nor shall anyone settle in it. 19 Like a lion coming up from the thickets of the Jordan against a perennial pasture, I will suddenly chase Edom away from it; and I will appoint over it whomever I choose. For who is like me? Who can summon me? Who is the shepherd who can stand before me? 20 Therefore hear the plan that the Lord
has made against Edom and the purposes that he has formed against the
inhabitants of Teman: Surely the little ones of the flock shall be
dragged away; surely their fold shall be appalled at their fate. 21 At the sound of their fall the earth shall tremble; the sound of their cry shall be heard at the Red Sea. 22 Look,
he shall mount up and swoop down like an eagle, and spread his wings
against Bozrah, and the heart of the warriors of Edom in that day shall
be like the heart of a woman in labor.
Sela (Arabic: السلع, Hebrew: סֶּלַע, transliteration Sela‛, meaning rock; Arabic: as-Sala‛; Greek: πέτρα; Latin: petra) was the capital of Edom, situated in the great valley extending from the Dead Sea to the Red Sea (2 Kings 14:7). It was near Mount Hor, close by the desert of Zin. It is called "the rock" (Judges 1:36). When Amaziah of Judah took it he called it Joktheel (also spelled Jokteel (JPS) and Jectehel (DRB)) (q.v.) (Hebrew: יָקְתְאֵל, Yoqtĕ-’Ēl, "the blessedness of God" or "subdued by God";[1]Latin: Jectehel) or Kathoel (Greek: Καθοηλ) in the Septuagint. It is mentioned by the prophets (Isaiah15:1; 16:1; Obadiah 1:3) as doomed to destruction.
Sela is identified with the ruins of Sela, east of Tafileh in Jordan (identified as biblical Tophel) and near Bozrah, all Edomite cities in the mountains of Edom.
Petra (from the Latin word 'petrae',
meaning 'rock') lies in a great rift valley east of Wadi 'Araba in Jordan
about 80 kilometers south of the Dead Sea. It came into prominence in the
late first century BCE (BC) through the success of the spice trade. The
city was the principal city of ancient Nabataea and was famous above all
for two things: its trade and its hydraulic engineering systems. It was
locally autonomous until the reign of Trajan, but it flourished under Roman
rule. The town grew up around its Colonnaded Street in the first century
CE (AD) and by the mid-first century had witnessed rapid urbanization. Following
the flow of the Wadi Musa, the city-center was laid out on either sides
of the Colonnaded Street on an elongated plan between the theater in the
east and the Qasr al-Bint in the west. The quarries were probably opened
in this period, and there followed virtually continuous building through
the first and second centuries CE.
The
Treasury
According to tradition,
in ca. 1200 BCE, the Petra area (but not necessarily the site itself) was
populated by Edomites and the area was known as Edom ("red"). Before the
Israelite incursions, the Edomites controlled the trade routes from Arabia
in the south to Damascus in the north. Little is known about the Edomites
at Petra itself, but as a people they were known for their wisdom, their
writing, their textile industry, the excellence and fineness of their ceramics,
and their skilled metal working.
Aurorae and other wonder signs in the 1500s, Reformation
In the context of the reformation, we mentioned the obsession by Luther and others of apocalyptic portents and signs in the sky.
Ken Kurihara identified numerous historical sources of anomalous
aurora sightings in the mid and later 1500s, roughly on the eve of the
1600 minor Grand Maximum. His book Celestial Wonders in Reformation Germanylists
many chroniclers of the time who associated accounts of these ‘fire
signs’ with omens of war, pestilence and the like, the most noted
sightings were recorded from the 1550’s onwards, so that’s mostly afterLuther’s
death, as social and political tensions ramped up. No direct entry is
found for 1517, the beginning of the Reformation. The timing of such
written testimonies is consistent with the reconstructed aurora
frequencies of the Grand Maxima (See graph above).
There was some confusion over the individual distinction of aurorae,
sun halos, comets fireballs and supernovae, the latter was unknown at
the time and was likely described as ‘new star’ or ‘comet’.
Below I will list more examples of fire signs and ‘wonder signs’ in
this period, with the focus on those that can be explained with aurorae
and related apparitions such as pillars of light, likely electric
displays similar to the recent phenomena of ‘Steve’.
As for comet frequency, the case is more complicated, no absolute
proof exists for a definite increase in near earth objects in the late
1500s but recurring comets may have been more visible in Grand Maxima.
(see page 197).
Many cases of ‘Feuerzeichen’ (fire signs) in the sky were reported
throughout the latter half of the sixteenth century. Nicolas Orphanus’s
pamphlet describes the celestial lights he witnessed in November 1574
(the year marks the end of the French Wars of Religions):
“At ten o’clock at night, the sky suddenly became bright as if the
moon was shining. A black cloud like a huge mountain appeared, and three
rays of clear light “like flames of fire” emanated from the top of it.
Soon ‘a big fiery column’ stood on the mountain-cloud and brightened the
sky.” [vi]
[…] “Hebenstreit noted that Feuerzeichen generally meant future war
or the death of rulers and reminded readers that similar phenomena had
appeared shortly before the Turks’ Siege of Vienna in 1529.” [vii]
Meanwhile in Portugal, from “The Book of Miracles”:
“In the year 1531, on the twenty-sixth and the twenty-eighth of
January, bloody and fiery signs were seen at night in the sky in Lisbon
in Portugal on the twenty-sixth day and then on the twenty-eighth a
great whale was seen in the sky. This was followed by great earthquakes,
so that about two hundred houses collapsed and more than a thousand
people were killed.”[viii]
The Book of Miracles,written ca. 1552 in Augsburg is a
manuscript listing and illustrating numerous portents in Europe, such as
bizarre floods, golden spheres, dragons, armies and swards in the sky,
fiery skies raining hailstones and blood. Editor and author of the newly
published facsimile, Till-Holger Borchert: “The 16thCentury’s
obsession with miraculous signs has its primary origin in religion,
specifically in the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation.”
As we have seen in the context of the Reformation and the French Wars of Religion, also on 28th of December (1561), extraordinary aurorae were seen and documented in the Spangenberg’s Mansfeld Chronicles.
“Indeed, when Johann Schuetz, a Wittenberg professor of theology,
describes the movement of Feuerzeichen in his book on Wunderzeichen
(1582), he states that ‘the sky looks fiery and blood-red. In clouds
people see as if light beams are engaging in a skirmish like two armies
moving together. “[ix]
Already in June of the same year, a writer named Fincel reported an
apparition of lights in the sky interpreted as ‘a warrior with a sword’
over the sky of Jena.
In all of this, let’s keep in mind that we now know that unusual
gleans on the horizon can also have other causes than aurora. The
Tunguska, Russia explosion of 1908, most likely an atmospheric meteor
explosion of a Taurid meteor stream object, did leave a bright glow in
the night sky for two nights, strong enough for people in Europe to read
at night without additional lighting.
In most instances of aurorae in low latitudes, people saw in the
dancing lights in the skies figures and armies battling as if the sky
had turned into a giant movie screen of war. Other displays were seen as
dark funeral processions caring biers across the sky. It was not only
the red color of the aurorae that reminded observers of war, but also
the ‘sword and spears’ -symbolism is frequently noted. Singular ‘swards’
might be compared to pillars of light, of the helix-like streak of
light that was observed in an aurora display in 2016 and named ‘Steve’
by astronomers. already in 1346, a ‘pillar of fire’ was reported over
the pope’s palace in Avignon.
Robert Herzstein was a
historian who taught at the University of South Carolina. A graduate of
New York University, in 1986 he helped to uncover Austrian politician
and former UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldhem's past association with the
Nazi Party.
The Nazis (World War II #21) by
Robert Edwin Herzstein
Page 132
Hitler said even in his death he will start World War 3.
One of his soliders asked how?
Hitler replied, “The day mankind finds out what I was trying to
defend this nation, Germany, from then thats the day World War 3 will
start.
For on that day, mankind will learn that I was trying to save my
Nation from The Free Masons, the Illuminati, the jews. For if the
Americans wins the war, then they will conquer the world and forever be a
slave to the jews and they will try to conquer God. Do you know who
America has in its posession?
“NO,” the solider replied.
The Americans has the jewels of God. The Americans have stolen God’s precious jewels.
“What do you mean his precious jewels?” THE SOLIDER asked.
Hitler said, “America has stolen the jews. The Jews of God. His
jewelry. The negros. They are the true hebrews. What a foolish move and a
direct challenge to God. And they plan on moving these false white jews
into a state of Israel.
America is desperate in its attempt to win this war using atom bombs
on Japan. America will destroy the whole world in its attempt to conquer
it.
When America and its jewish slave masters conquer the world and the
world realize I was right, then all nations will begin a third world war
to dethrone America of its rule. Every nation will soon possess atom
bombs of their own. It will be the end of most of the world as we know
it.
“Why will the jews control America?” the solider asked
Hitler said, “because the white jews knows that the negros are the
real children of Israel. And to keep Americas secret, the jews will
blackmail America. The jews will extort America Their plan for world
domination wont work if the negros knew who they were. The white
citizens of America will be terrified to know that all this time they’ve
been mistreating and discriminating and lynching the childen of Israel.
They will fear God will destroy them as he destroyed Egypt for doing
the same thing. So the elite, the Illuminati keeps this a secret at all
cost.
After I die, I will one day cause World War 3 just by this message
which will be like planting a seed in people minds until it sprouts once
they nurture that seed and seek more truth and learn Hitler was right. I
did the world a favor by killing the false jews before they designated a
false state of Israel.
But I fear I have failed. The world will fall into the hands of Satan.
Comments
Yankee Doodle (n.)
popular tune of the American Revolution, apparently written c. 1755 by British Army surgeon Dr. Richard Schuckburgh while campaigning with Amherst's force in upper New York during the French and Indian War. The original verses mocked the colonial troops (see Yankee) serving alongside the regulars, and the Doodle element might have been, or hinted at, the 18c. slang term for "penis." The song naturally was popular with British troops in the colonies during the Revolutionary War, but after the colonials began to win skirmishes with them in 1775, they took the tune as a patriotic prize and re-worked the lyrics. The current version seems to have been written in 1776 by Edward Bangs, a Harvard sophomore who also was a Minuteman.
In fact, they fought so bravely and inflicted so many casualties on Hessian mercenaries during the battle of Newport, R.I., in the summer of 1778, that Williams said one Hessian officer resigned his commission rather than lead his men against the 1st Rhode Island after the unit had repelled three fierce Hessian assaults. He didn't want his men to think he was leading them to slaughter.
Electromagnetic radiation is the general term for the more familiar light and radio waves, but also includes gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays, and infrared. All of these forms of electromagnetic rays or waves travel at the speed of light, the fastest possible speed. The only difference between these types of electromagnetic waves is the length or the wave or the “wavelength.” Since the waves all travel at the speed of light, another way to characterize the wave is by the number of waves received per second. This is the frequency of the wave.
Morrison and Cocconi considered how well the types of electromagnetic waves passed through interstellar space. While space is usually described as a vacuum, it does contain some gas and dust. Over great distances that gas and dust absorb many types of radiation but radio waves pass through nearly unimpeded. For interstellar communication, a particular range of radio frequencies, “microwaves” from 1 GHz to 10 GHz, are particularly good choices. At lower frequencies our galaxy emits prodigious amounts of radio waves creating a loud background of noise. At higher frequencies the Earth’s atmosphere, and presumably the atmosphere of other Earth-like planets, absorbs and emits broad ranges of radio frequencies. The result is a quiet “Microwave Window” through which efficient radio communication is possible.
The Microwave Window has another interesting feature to recommend it as a place for interstellar communication: the “Water Hole.” Some atoms and molecules in space emit radio waves at particular frequencies. Hydrogen atoms emit at 1420 MHz (a wavelength of 21 cm). Hydroxyl molecules, composed of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (OH), emit at four specific radio frequencies ranging from 1612 MHz to 1720 MHz. When a hydrogen atom combines with a hydroxyl molecule it forms a molecule of water, the most essential molecule for life as we know it. Thus, the range of frequencies from 1420 to 1720 MHz is called the Water Hole. It has been a popular frequency range for many SETI programs.
Dr. Andrija K. Puharich, born in 1918 in Chicago, was a physician, inventor and parapsychologist and has many patents of inventions in the medical field to his name. Andrija Puharich had great admiration for the Serbian scientist Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) for his research on low frequency electromagnetic (ELF) waves in the early 20th century.
An important invention of Puharich, in 1983, was the splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen by means of powerful resonance resulting in an environmentally friendly fuel made of water. A critical resonance in water molecules, induced by strong alternating current impulses, which only strengthened itself, like soldiers marching over a bridge.
The "breaking" of water through powerful resonance is to this day not accepted by current science as a method for the production of hydrogen, but this is exactly what took place in the resonance chamber of the Great Pyramid. It is here applied for the cleanest possible way to produce a very valuable fuel from the pure raw water. The water molecules are 'broken' and the chambers and passages located above the grotto (water seal or valve) in the well shaft of the Great Pyramid are filled with the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas mixture (image 9).
In the resonance chamber (King's Chamber) of the Great Pyramid, which is completely filled with water vapour, the water will decompose by resonance instead of electricity, but finds the same reaction as for the electrolysis of water: 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (hydrogen and oxygen from water).
Image 9. Water (blue), water vapour (yellow) and hydrogen and oxygen (red)
In a fuel cell a reverse reaction takes place and therefore we call it reverse electrolysis. In this case hydrogen and oxygen are guided to a cathode and an anode that are separated to each other by a membrane, and there an electric current starts to flow from the anode to the cathode. Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy using heat, and water is released. The water is thereby the waste or residue. This reaction takes place in the two shafts of the reaction chamber or Queen's Chamber.
The Aeta (Ayta /ˈaɪtə/ EYE-tə; Kapampangan: áitâ), or Agta, are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of the island of Luzon, the Philippines.
These people are considered to be Negritos, whose skin ranges from dark to very dark brown, and possessing features such as a small stature and frame; hair of a curly to kinky texture and a higher frequency of naturally lighter colour (blondism) relative to the general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes. They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations.
The Aeta were included in the group of people named "Negrito" during the Spanish Era. Various Aeta groups in northern Luzon are named Pugut or Pugot, an Ilocano term that also means "goblin" or "forest spirit", and is the colloquial term for people with darker complexions.
The Aeta people in the Philippines are often grouped with other Negritos and the Australo-Melanesians, which includes other groups such as Aborigines in Australia; Papuans; and the Melanesians of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and the French overseas special collectivity of New Caledonia.
The Black Nazarene (Spanish: El Nazareno Negro, Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, Filipino: Poóng Itím na Nazareno, Hesus Nazareno) is a life-sized image of a dark-skinned, kneeling Jesus Christ carrying the Cross enshrined in the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene in the Quiapo district of the City of Manila, Philippines.
The term Black Madonna or Black Virgin refers to statues or paintings of the Blessed Virgin Mary in which she, and often the infant Jesus, are depicted with black or dark skin. The Black Madonna can be generally found in Catholic and Orthodox countries.
The statues or paintings are mostly wooden but occasionally stone, often painted and up to 75 cm (30 in) tall. They fall into two main groups: free-standing upright figures or seated figures on a throne. The pictures are usually icons which are Byzantine in style, often made in 13th- or 14th-century Italy. There are about 400–500 Black Madonnas in Europe, depending on how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in France, and there are hundreds of non-medieval copies as well. Some are in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by devotees. A few are associated with miracles and attract substantial numbers of pilgrims.
Studies and research
Overall, the research into the Black Madonna phenomena is limited due to a wide consensus among scholars that the dark-skinned aspect was unintentional. Recently, however, interest in this subject has gathered more traction.
Important early studies of dark images in France were done by Marie Durand-Lefebvre (1937), Emile Saillens (1945), and Jacques Huynen (1972). The first notable study of the origin and meaning of the Black Madonnas in English appears to have been presented by Leonard Moss at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on December 28, 1952. Moss broke the images into three categories: (1) dark brown or black Madonnas with physiognomy and skin pigmentation matching that of the indigenous population; (2) various art forms that have turned black as a result of certain physical factors such as deterioration of lead-based pigments, accumulated smoke from the use of votive candles, and accumulation of grime over the ages, and (3) residual category with no ready explanation.
In the cathedral at Chartres, there were two Black Madonnas: Notre Dame de Pilar, a 1508 dark walnut copy of a 13th-century silver Madonna, standing atop a high pillar, surrounded by candles; and Notre Dame de Sous-Terre, a replica of an original destroyed during the French Revolution. Restoration work on the cathedral resulted in the painting of Notre Dame de Pilar, to reflect an earlier 19th century painted style, rendering the statue no longer a "Black Madonna".
Blackamoor is a European art style from the Early Modern period depicting highly stylized figures, usually African males but sometimes other non-European races, in subservient or exoticized form. Blackamoor is often found in sculpture, jewelry, furniture, and decorative art.
In the Iberian peninsula historically this word does not exist. The Castilian word for the moor was moro, Portuguese: mouro and for a black negro, Portuguese: negro, preto, but there has never been an Iberian word merging the two meanings. This is because the terms simply referred to Muslims regardless of ethnicity. The same can be said of the French cognate maure.
The flag of Sardinia, called the flag of the Four Moors or simply the Four Moors (Italian: I quattro mori; Sardinian: Sos bator moros and Is cuatru morus), represents and symbolizes the island of Sardinia (Italy) and its people. It was also the historical flag and coat of arms of the Spanish and later Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia. It was first officially adopted by the autonomous region in 1950 with a revision in 1999, describing it as a "white field with a red cross and a bandaged Moor's head facing away from the left (the edge close to the mast) in each quarter" (Regional Law 15 April 1999, n. 10, Art. 1).
The flag is composed of the St George's Cross and four heads of Moors, which in the past may not have been forehead bandaged but blindfolded and turned towards the left. But already well-preserved pictures from the 16th century, clearly show a forehead bandage (see gallery below). The most accepted hypothesis is that the heads represented the heads of Moorish princes defeated by the Aragonese, as for the first time they appeared in the 13th century seals of the Crown of Aragon – although with a beard and no bandage, contrary to the Moors of the Sardinian flag, which appeared for the first time in a manuscript of the second half of the 14th century.
Island Caribs, also known as the Kalinago or simply Caribs, are an indigenous people of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. They have descended from the Mainland Caribs (Kalina) of South America. The people spoke a carib pidgin language of Karina origins.
At the time of Spanish contact, the Kalinagos were one of the dominant groups in the Caribbean, which owes its name to them. They lived throughout northeastern South America, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, the Windward Islands, Dominica, and possibly the southern Leeward Islands. Historically, it was thought their ancestors were mainland Caribs, known as the Igneri. The Igneri had conquered the islands from their previous inhabitants. However, linguistic and archaeological evidence disputes the notion of a mass emigration and conquest; the Island Carib language appears not to have been Cariban, but Arawakan, like that of their neighbors, the Taíno. Irving Rouse and others suggest that a smaller group of mainland Caribs conquered the islands without displacing their inhabitants, eventually adopting the local language but retaining their traditions of a South American origin.
In the early colonial period, the Caribs had a reputation as warriors who raided neighboring islands. According to the Spanish conquistadores, the Carib Indians were cannibals who regularly ate roasted human flesh. There are debates as to whether they were cannibals. Some claim there is evidence as to the taking of human trophies and the ritual cannibalism of war captives among both Carib and other Amerindian groups such as the Arawak and Tupinamba. Others argue Europeans misunderstood rituals, or falsely portrayed them to justify conquest and genocide. Today, the Caribs and their descendants continue to live in the Antilles. The Garifuna or "Black Caribs", a group of mixed Carib, Arawak and African ancestry, also live principally in Central America.
Upon arrival of the Europeans, the island of St. Vincent was populated by the indigenous Black Carib (Garifuna) It is said that the Black Carib (Garifuna) were also excellent fishermen.
William Young's version
After the arrival of the British to St. Vincent in 1667, the British Major John Scott wrote a report for the British crown, explaining that St. Vincent was populated by indigenous people and some blacks from two Spanish ships wrecked on its shores. Later, in 1795, the British governor of St. Vincent, William Young, explained in another report, also addressed to the British Crown, the island was populated by black slaves from two Spanish ships that had sunk near the island of San Vincent in 1635 (although according other authors as Idiáquez, the two slave ships wrecked between 1664 and 1670). The ships carrying slaves headed to the West Indies (Bahamas and Antilles). According to Young's report, after the wreck, slaves from the ethnic group Hebo(Negro) from Nigeria, escaped and reached the small island of Bequia. There, the yellow Caribs enslaved them and brought them to Saint Vincent. However, according to Young, the slaves were too independent of "spirit", prompting Caribbean teachers to plan to kill all the African male children. When Africans heard about the yellow Caribs' plan, they rebelled and killed all the Caribs they could, then headed to the mountains, where they settled and lived with other slaves who had taken refuge there before them. From the mountains, the former slaves attacked and killed the Caribs continually, reducing them in number.
Current Version
However, researchers such as the linguist specializing in the Garifuna language Itarala, reject the theory of Young. According to them, most of the slaves arrived in Saint Vincent came, actually, from other Caribbean islands, who had settled in Saint Vincent in order to escape slavery in his land. So, to Saint Vincent, came Maroons from all surrounding plantations from the islands, but were diluted in the strong culture of resistance Caribbean. Although most of the slaves came from Barbados [1] (most of the slaves of this island were of present Nigeria and Ghana), but slaves also came from places like St. Lucia (where slaves were probably from the present Senegal, Nigeria, Angola (Ambundu) and Akan people) and Grenada (where there were many slaves from Guineas, Sierra Leone, Nigeria (specifically Igbo), Angolans, Yoruba, Kongo and Ghana). The Bajans and Saint Lucians arrived on the island in pre-1735 dates. Later, after 1775, most of the slaves who came running from other islands were Saint Lucians and Grenadians. After arriving at the island, they were received by the Caribs, who offered protection, enslaved them and, eventually, mixed with them.
In addition to the African refugees, the Caribs captured slaves from neighboring islands (although they also had white people and their own people as slaves), while they were in fighting against the British and French. Many of the captured slaves were integrated into their communities (this also occurred in islands like Dominica). After the African rebellion against the Caribs, and their escape to the mountains, over time, according to Itarala, the Africans from the mountains would come down from the mountains to have sexual intercourse with Amerindian women - perhaps because most Africans were men - or to search for other kinds of food. The sexual intercourse did not necessarily lead to marriage.
On the other hand, if the Maroons abducted to Arauaco-Caribbean women or married them, is another of the contradictions between the French documents and memory of the Garinagu. Andrade Coelho states that "whatever the case, the Caribs never consented to give their daughters in marriage to blacks". Conversely, Sebastian R. Cayetano, argues that "Africans were married with women Caribs of the islands, giving birth to the Garifuna". According to Charles Gullick some Caribs were mixed peacefully with the Maroons and some not, creating two factions, that of the Black Caribs and the Yellow Caribs, who fought on more than one occasion in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth. According to Itarala, many intermarried between indigenous and African people, was which caused the origin of the Black Caribs.
Joseph Chatoyer, the chief of the Black Caribs in St.Vincent, in an 1801 engraving
Isaiah 16
Therefore shall Moab howl for Moab, every one shall howl: for the foundations of Kirhareseth shall ye mourn; surely they are stricken.
For the fields of Heshbon languish, and the vine of Sibmah: the lords of the heathen have broken down the principal plants thereof, they are come even unto Jazer, they wandered through the wilderness: her branches are stretched out, they are gone over the sea.
Jeremiah 48:46-47 Wycliffe Bible (WYC)
46 Moab, woe to thee; thou people of Chemosh, hast perished, for why thy sons and thy daughters be taken into captivity. (Moab, woe to thee; thou people of Chemosh have perished, for thy sons and thy daughters be taken into captivity.)
47 And I shall turn (again) the captivity of Moab in the last days, saith the Lord. Hitherto be the dooms of Moab. (But I shall restore the fortunes of Moab in the last days, saith the Lord. Heretofore is the judgement, or the sentence, upon Moab.)
Psalm 83
Prayer for Judgment on Israel’s Foes
A Song. A Psalm of Asaph.
1 O God, do not keep silence;
do not hold your peace or be still, O God!
2 Even now your enemies are in tumult;
those who hate you have raised their heads.
3 They lay crafty plans against your people;
they consult together against those you protect.
4 They say, “Come, let us wipe them out as a nation;
let the name of Israel be remembered no more.”
5 They conspire with one accord;
against you they make a covenant—
6 the tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites,
Moab and the Hagrites,
7 Gebal and Ammon and Amalek,
Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre;
8 Assyria also has joined them;
they are the strong arm of the children of Lot.Selah
9 Do to them as you did to Midian,
as to Sisera and Jabin at the Wadi Kishon,
10 who were destroyed at En-dor,
who became dung for the ground.
11 Make their nobles like Oreb and Zeeb,
all their princes like Zebah and Zalmunna,
12 who said, “Let us take the pastures of God
for our own possession.”
13 O my God, make them like whirling dust,
like chaff before the wind.
14 As fire consumes the forest,
as the flame sets the mountains ablaze,
15 so pursue them with your tempest
and terrify them with your hurricane.
16 Fill their faces with shame,
so that they may seek your name, O Lord.
17 Let them be put to shame and dismayed forever;
let them perish in disgrace.
18 Let them know that you alone,
whose name is the Lord,
are the Most High over all the earth.
Jeremiah 49:7-22 New Revised Standard Version
Judgment on Edom
7 Concerning Edom.
Thus says the Lord of hosts:
Is there no longer wisdom in Teman?
Has counsel perished from the prudent?
Has their wisdom vanished?
8 Flee, turn back, get down low,
inhabitants of Dedan!
For I will bring the calamity of Esau upon him,
the time when I punish him.
9 If grape-gatherers came to you,
would they not leave gleanings?
If thieves came by night,
even they would pillage only what they wanted.
10 But as for me, I have stripped Esau bare,
I have uncovered his hiding places,
and he is not able to conceal himself.
His offspring are destroyed, his kinsfolk
and his neighbors; and he is no more.
11 Leave your orphans, I will keep them alive;
and let your widows trust in me.
12 For thus says the Lord: If those who do not deserve to drink the cup still have to drink it, shall you be the one to go unpunished? You shall not go unpunished; you must drink it. 13 For by myself I have sworn, says the Lord, that Bozrah shall become an object of horror and ridicule, a waste, and an object of cursing; and all her towns shall be perpetual wastes.
14 I have heard tidings from the Lord,
and a messenger has been sent among the nations:
“Gather yourselves together and come against her,
and rise up for battle!”
15 For I will make you least among the nations,
despised by humankind.
16 The terror you inspire
and the pride of your heart have deceived you,
you who live in the clefts of the rock,
who hold the height of the hill.
Although you make your nest as high as the eagle’s,
from there I will bring you down,
says the Lord.
17 Edom shall become an object of horror; everyone who passes by it will be horrified and will hiss because of all its disasters. 18 As when Sodom and Gomorrah and their neighbors were overthrown, says the Lord, no one shall live there, nor shall anyone settle in it. 19 Like a lion coming up from the thickets of the Jordan against a perennial pasture, I will suddenly chase Edom away from it; and I will appoint over it whomever I choose. For who is like me? Who can summon me? Who is the shepherd who can stand before me? 20 Therefore hear the plan that the Lord has made against Edom and the purposes that he has formed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the little ones of the flock shall be dragged away; surely their fold shall be appalled at their fate. 21 At the sound of their fall the earth shall tremble; the sound of their cry shall be heard at the Red Sea. 22 Look, he shall mount up and swoop down like an eagle, and spread his wings against Bozrah, and the heart of the warriors of Edom in that day shall be like the heart of a woman in labor.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_(Edom)
Sela (Arabic: السلع, Hebrew: סֶּלַע, transliteration Sela‛, meaning rock; Arabic: as-Sala‛; Greek: πέτρα; Latin: petra) was the capital of Edom, situated in the great valley extending from the Dead Sea to the Red Sea (2 Kings 14:7). It was near Mount Hor, close by the desert of Zin. It is called "the rock" (Judges 1:36). When Amaziah of Judah took it he called it Joktheel (also spelled Jokteel (JPS) and Jectehel (DRB)) (q.v.) (Hebrew: יָקְתְאֵל, Yoqtĕ-’Ēl, "the blessedness of God" or "subdued by God";[1] Latin: Jectehel) or Kathoel (Greek: Καθοηλ) in the Septuagint. It is mentioned by the prophets (Isaiah 15:1; 16:1; Obadiah 1:3) as doomed to destruction.Sela is identified with the ruins of Sela, east of Tafileh in Jordan (identified as biblical Tophel) and near Bozrah, all Edomite cities in the mountains of Edom.
Sela appears in later history and in the Vulgate under the name of Petra. "The caravan of all ages, from the interior of Arabia and from the Persian Gulf, from Hadhramaut on the ocean, and even from Sabea (Sheba) or Yemen, appear to have pointed to Petra as a common centre; and from Petra the tide seems again to have branched out in every direction, to Egypt, Palestine, and Syria, through Arsinoe, Gaza, Tyre, Jerusalem, and Damascus, and by other routes, terminating at the Mediterranean Sea."
Aurorae and other wonder signs in the 1500s, Reformation
In the context of the reformation, we mentioned the obsession by Luther and others of apocalyptic portents and signs in the sky.
Ken Kurihara identified numerous historical sources of anomalous aurora sightings in the mid and later 1500s, roughly on the eve of the 1600 minor Grand Maximum. His book Celestial Wonders in Reformation Germanylists many chroniclers of the time who associated accounts of these ‘fire signs’ with omens of war, pestilence and the like, the most noted sightings were recorded from the 1550’s onwards, so that’s mostly afterLuther’s death, as social and political tensions ramped up. No direct entry is found for 1517, the beginning of the Reformation. The timing of such written testimonies is consistent with the reconstructed aurora frequencies of the Grand Maxima (See graph above).
There was some confusion over the individual distinction of aurorae, sun halos, comets fireballs and supernovae, the latter was unknown at the time and was likely described as ‘new star’ or ‘comet’.
Below I will list more examples of fire signs and ‘wonder signs’ in this period, with the focus on those that can be explained with aurorae and related apparitions such as pillars of light, likely electric displays similar to the recent phenomena of ‘Steve’.
As for comet frequency, the case is more complicated, no absolute proof exists for a definite increase in near earth objects in the late 1500s but recurring comets may have been more visible in Grand Maxima. (see page 197).
Many cases of ‘Feuerzeichen’ (fire signs) in the sky were reported throughout the latter half of the sixteenth century. Nicolas Orphanus’s pamphlet describes the celestial lights he witnessed in November 1574 (the year marks the end of the French Wars of Religions):
“At ten o’clock at night, the sky suddenly became bright as if the moon was shining. A black cloud like a huge mountain appeared, and three rays of clear light “like flames of fire” emanated from the top of it. Soon ‘a big fiery column’ stood on the mountain-cloud and brightened the sky.” [vi]
[…] “Hebenstreit noted that Feuerzeichen generally meant future war or the death of rulers and reminded readers that similar phenomena had appeared shortly before the Turks’ Siege of Vienna in 1529.” [vii]
Meanwhile in Portugal, from “The Book of Miracles”:
“In the year 1531, on the twenty-sixth and the twenty-eighth of January, bloody and fiery signs were seen at night in the sky in Lisbon in Portugal on the twenty-sixth day and then on the twenty-eighth a great whale was seen in the sky. This was followed by great earthquakes, so that about two hundred houses collapsed and more than a thousand people were killed.”[viii]
The Book of Miracles,written ca. 1552 in Augsburg is a manuscript listing and illustrating numerous portents in Europe, such as bizarre floods, golden spheres, dragons, armies and swards in the sky, fiery skies raining hailstones and blood. Editor and author of the newly published facsimile, Till-Holger Borchert: “The 16thCentury’s obsession with miraculous signs has its primary origin in religion, specifically in the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation.”
As we have seen in the context of the Reformation and the French Wars of Religion, also on 28th of December (1561), extraordinary aurorae were seen and documented in the Spangenberg’s Mansfeld Chronicles.
“Indeed, when Johann Schuetz, a Wittenberg professor of theology, describes the movement of Feuerzeichen in his book on Wunderzeichen (1582), he states that ‘the sky looks fiery and blood-red. In clouds people see as if light beams are engaging in a skirmish like two armies moving together. “[ix]
Already in June of the same year, a writer named Fincel reported an apparition of lights in the sky interpreted as ‘a warrior with a sword’ over the sky of Jena.
In all of this, let’s keep in mind that we now know that unusual gleans on the horizon can also have other causes than aurora. The Tunguska, Russia explosion of 1908, most likely an atmospheric meteor explosion of a Taurid meteor stream object, did leave a bright glow in the night sky for two nights, strong enough for people in Europe to read at night without additional lighting.
In most instances of aurorae in low latitudes, people saw in the dancing lights in the skies figures and armies battling as if the sky had turned into a giant movie screen of war. Other displays were seen as dark funeral processions caring biers across the sky. It was not only the red color of the aurorae that reminded observers of war, but also the ‘sword and spears’ -symbolism is frequently noted. Singular ‘swards’ might be compared to pillars of light, of the helix-like streak of light that was observed in an aurora display in 2016 and named ‘Steve’ by astronomers. already in 1346, a ‘pillar of fire’ was reported over the pope’s palace in Avignon.