The etymology of "Muspelheim" is uncertain, but may come from Mund-spilli, "world-destroyers", "wreck of the world"
According to Norse myth there is said to be nine worlds. The Poetic Edda section Völuspá tells of them:
Nine worlds: the worlds of the gods (Asgard), of the Vanir (Vanaheim), of the elves (Alfheim), of men (Mithgard), of the giants (Jotunheim), of fire (Muspellsheim), of the dark elves (Svartalfaheim), of the dead (Niflheim),
and presumably of the dwarfs (perhaps Nithavellir, cf. stanza 37 and
note, but the ninth world is uncertain). The tree: the world-ash Yggdrasil, symbolizing the universe.[3]
Muspelheim is described as a hot and glowing land of fire, home to the fire giants, and guarded by Surtr, with his flaming sword. It is featured in both the creation and destruction stories of Norse myth. According to the Prose Edda, A great time before the earth was made, Niflheim existed. Inside Niflheim was a well called Hvergelmer, from this well flowed numerous streams known as the Elivog. Their names were Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Finbul, Thul, Slid and Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll.[4]
After a time these streams had traveled far from their source at
Niflheim. So far that the venom that flowed within them hardened and
turned to ice. When this ice eventually settled, rain rose up from it,
and froze into rime. This ice then began to layer itself over the
primordial void, Ginungagap.
This made the northern portion of Ginungagap thick with ice, and storms
begin to form within. However, in the southern region of Ginungagap
glowing sparks were flying out of Muspelheim. When the heat and sparks
from Muspelheim met the ice, it began to melt. These sparks would go on
to create the Sun, Moon, and stars[5],
and the drops would form the primeval being Ymir. "by the might of him
who sent the heat, the drops quickened into life and took the likeness
of a man, who got the name Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer"[4]
But still, we look to our planetary neighbors for places to visit and maybe even live. And Mars
has all the attention nowadays: it's so hot right now, with everyone
practically climbing over each other's rockets to get there in to build a
nice little red home.
But what about Venus?
It's about the same size as the Earth and the same mass. It's actually a
little bit closer than Mars. It's definitely warmer than Mars. So why
don't we try going for our sister planet instead of the red one?
Oh, that's right: Venus is basically hell.
head what the worst possible planet might be, and Venus is worse than that.
Let's start with the atmosphere.
If you think that the smog in LA is bad, you should take a whiff of
Venus. It's almost entirely carbon dioxide and chokingly thick with an
atmospheric pressure at the surface 90 times that of Earth. That's the
equivalent pressure of a mile beneath our ocean waves. It's so thick
that you almost have to swim through it just to move around. Only 4% of
that atmosphere is nitrogen, but that's more nitrogen total than there
is in the Earth's atmosphere.
And sitting on top of this are clouds made of sulfuric acid. Yikes.
Sulfuric
acid clouds are highly reflective, giving Venus its characteristic
brilliant shine. The clouds are so reflective, and the rest of the
atmosphere so thick, that less than 3% of the sun's light that reaches
Venus actually makes it down to the surface. That means that you will
only vaguely be aware of the difference between day and night.
But despite that lack of sunlight, the temperature on Venus
is literally hot enough to melt lead, at over 700 degrees Fahrenheit
(370 degrees Celsius) on average. In some places, in the deepest
valleys, the temperature reaches over 750 degrees Fahrenheit (400
degrees Celsius), which is enough for the ground itself to glow a dull
red.
And speaking of day and night — Venus has one of the most peculiar rotations
in the solar system. For one, it rotates backward, with the sun rising
in the west and setting in the east. Second, it's incredibly slow, with
one year lasting only two days.
Additionally, Venus once had plate tectonics that shut off long ago, and its crust is locked.
10 Fruits, Nuts, And Vegetables You Did Not Know Were Man-Made
Cabbage, broccoli,
cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts, collard greens, kohlrabi, and
several closely related vegetables originated from the same plant
species, Brassica oleracea. Its wild form is known as wild mustard and still exists today.
About 2,500 years ago, wild mustard only grew in some parts of Europe and the Mediterranean.
Its taste varied greatly, depending on where it grew. Ancient Romans
and Greeks soon realized that they could plant it for food. They engaged
in selective breeding by planting seeds from wild mustard with larger
leaves. The result was the vegetables that we call kale and collard
greens.
Selective breeding continued in the 1600s when people bred wild
mustard with bigger leaf buds. The result was a new vegetable covered
with lots of leaves. This was the first cabbage. Wild mustard selected
for its bigger stems became kohlrabi, the ones with small heads became
brussels sprouts, and the ones with big flowers became broccoli and
cauliflower.[1]
The hybridization of wild mustard and its derivatives continued up to
the 20th century. In 1928, Russian biologist Georgii Dmintrievich
Karpechenko crossed a radish with a cabbage to produce what he called
the rabbage. The rabbage should have been impossible because the radish
is not related to the cabbage.
However, the plant never caught on because it failed at being either a
radish or a cabbage. In 1993, a Japanese company crossbred broccoli
with kai-lan to create broccolini. Kai-lan is not popular in the US. It
is a derivative of wild mustard and is the Chinese version of broccoli.
Many varieties of orange
exist today. However, every variety traces its roots to the man-made
hybrid created by crossing the pomelo with the mandarin. The pomelo is
almost as bitter as the grapefruit, while the mandarin is sweet. The
mandarin has an orange color, and some people misidentify it as a
variety of the orange. Wrong! The mandarin is an ancestor of the orange.
The history of the orange is unclear, but it is believed to have first appeared in southern China.
Over the years, humans have selectively bred oranges to create many
varieties, making it easy to confuse the orange with other citrus
fruits. To be clear, a fruit needs to have evolved from the pomelo and
mandarin to be considered an orange.
A tangerine is not considered an orange because it evolved from the
mandarin but not the pomelo. However, the tangelo, which we will talk
about shortly, is in a gray area. It is a cross between a tangerine and a
pomelo. And as we mentioned already, the tangerine was created from the
mandarin.
The modern peanut is a hybrid of two older types of peanuts, the Arachis ipaensis and the Arachis duranensis. The Arachis duranensis grows in the Andean valleys between Bolivia and Argentina, while the Arachis ipaensis grows inside Bolivia.
Both plants were so far apart that they couldn’t have crossbred
naturally. Researchers discovered that the earliest settlers in South
America took the Arachis duranensis from the Andean valleys as they migrated into today’s Bolivia 10,000 years ago.
The banana is a man-made hybrid of the wild Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana banana species. Musa acuminata has a fleshy inside, but it has a very unpleasant taste. Musa balbisiana has a pleasant-tasting inside but contains too many seeds.
Both bananas naturally crossbred in the forests
of South Asia. However, the resultant banana, which is the ancestor of
the modern banana, was sterile. About 10,000 years ago, early humans
discovered the hybrid and learned that they could replant the shoots to
create new trees. They engaged in selective breeding and only replanted
bananas with favorable traits. This led to the creation of the modern
banana.
The almond
is a man-made hybrid of the wild almond, which is notoriously bitter
and could be deadly when consumed in considerable amounts. The history
of the almond is unclear, and scientists cannot determine which variant
of the wild almond was selectively bred to create the modern almond.[5]
Scientists suspect that the wild ancestor of the almond is the Amygdalus fenzliana
(Fritsch) Lipsky because its trees, seeds, and fruits resemble the
modern almond. It is also found in Armenia and Azerbaijan, where the
modern almond is believed to have been selectively bred by humans.
Besides the origin, scientists cannot determine how our ancestors
managed to create a perfect and sweet almond because the almond is poisonous.
The grapefruit first appeared after 1693 when a Captain Shaddock transported some pomelo seeds to the West Indies
and planted them close to some orange trees. The pomelo and orange
later cross-pollinated to create the grapefruit. However, the grapefruit
was still unknown outside the Caribbean.
Boysenberry is one fruit you have probably never heard of. It used to be
popular. The boysenberry was created by Rudolph Boysen in the 1920s. It
is considered to be a variant
of the blackberry, although it is actually a hybrid of a blackberry and
either the loganberry or the red raspberry. For all we know, it could
even be a hybrid of all three. However, it looks more like a blackberry
than the other two.
As we mentioned earlier, the tangelo is a man-made hybrid of the
tangerine and the pomelo. In fact, that’s where the tangelo got its name. However, it is common for people to confuse the tangelo with the tangerine, mandarin, and orange.
To add to the confusion, there are different varieties of tangelos
and all are not necessarily created from tangerines and pomelos. One
common variant, the Minneola tangelo, is a hybrid of the tangerine and
Duncan grapefruit. Another variant was created by crossing a mandarin
with a pomelo, which technically makes it an orange.
The tangelo is believed to have first appeared in the forests of
Southeast Asia 3,500 years ago when insects cross-pollinated the
mandarin with a fruit that is closely related to the grapefruit.
However, today’s tangelos are the result of a selective breeding program
that started in the 1800s
Carrots have not always been orange. Natural carrots were either
white or purple and probably inedible. There are accounts that white
carrots were eaten in the Roman Empire,
but historians believe that they could be parsnips, white carrots, or
both. The orange carrot is a hybrid of the yellow carrot, which is a
hybrid of the white carrot.
The earliest-known ancestor
of the modern consumable carrot appeared in Persia in the 10th century.
Some accounts say it was white, and others say it was purple. Unlike
today’s carrots, those vegetables had lots of smaller roots of varying
sizes. The Persians selectively bred the carrots with the biggest roots
to create bigger roots and, ultimately, a big single root.
As the selective breeding continued, the carrots mutated from white
or purple to yellow and finally orange. Selective breeding of carrots
continued until modern times to improve their flavor and color.
The modern strawberry
is a man-made hybrid of the smaller wild strawberry, which has a
shorter shelf life as well as a better flavor and aroma. The modern
strawberry first appeared in France in the 18th century. However, the
hybridization program began much earlier.
In the 1300s, French botanists started planting wild strawberries in
their gardens when they realized that wild strawberries reproduced by
cloning. Strangely, some strawberries never produced fruits and half of
the ones that did suddenly stopped cloning and making fruits after some
years.
The French managed to create wild strawberries that were 15–20 times
their normal size, but they were still incredibly small. Antoine Nicolas
Duchesne created the modern strawberry on July 6, 1764, when he crossed
a male Fragaria moschata with a female Fragaria chiloensis from Chile
Yautja Prime is the home planet of the Yautja,
although its true name is unknown. The planet has at least two major
biomes: a dry, hot, desert environment with rivers of flowing lava and a
humid, wet jungle biome.
Not much is known about the native life of the world, most noteworthy
is the Yautja, but there also seems to be a plethora of wildlife.
The Vy'drach, also nicknamed the Phoenix, is a winged beast inhabiting the radioactive infernal deserts of Yautja Prime, surviving radiation strong enough to kill most life forms.
In Yautja Culture
As a rite of passage, every aspiring YautjaSpear Master
must kill a Vy'drach while armed only with a spear. If the Yautja kills
the Vy'drach, its hide is fashioned into armour which its nemesis wears
for life. Like the Vy'drach itself, this armor is highly resistant to
fire, electricity, and radiation.
The Quatza-Rij is a creature native to Yautja Prime, the homeworld of the Yautja. They are known as one of the fiercest creatures indigenous to Yautja Prime.
The climate is presumably hot and humid throughout most of the world.
According to AVP:R, intense volcanic activity is still present. The
volcanic regions are also known to contain areas of lethal
radioactivity, as the dangerous Vy'drach dwells in these areas.
1 I saw the Lord standing beside the altar, and he said:
Strike the capitals until the thresholds shake,
and shatter them on the heads of all the people;
and those who are left I will kill with the sword;
not one of them shall flee away,
not one of them shall escape.
2 Though they dig into Sheol,
from there shall my hand take them;
though they climb up to heaven,
from there I will bring them down.
3 Though they hide themselves on the top of Carmel,
from there I will search out and take them;
and though they hide from my sight at the bottom of the sea,
there I will command the sea-serpent, and it shall bite them.
4 And though they go into captivity in front of their enemies,
there I will command the sword, and it shall kill them;
and I will fix my eyes on them
for harm and not for good.
5 The Lord, God of hosts,
he who touches the earth and it melts,
and all who live in it mourn,
and all of it rises like the Nile,
and sinks again, like the Nile of Egypt;
Numbers 23:19
God is not a man, that He should tell or act a lie, neither the son
of man, that He should feel repentance or compunction [for what He has
promised]. Has He said and shall He not do it? Or has He spoken and
shall He not make it good?
American Standard Version God
is not a man, that he should lie, Neither the son of man, that he
should repent: Hath he said, and will he not do it? Or hath he spoken,
and will he not make it good?
The Complete Jewish Bible "God
is not a human who lies or a mortal who changes his mind. When he says
something, he will do it; when he makes a promise, he will fulfill it.
Darby's Translation �God
is not a man, that he should lie; neither a son of man, that he should
repent. Shall he say and not do? and shall he speak and not make it
good?
Bible in Basic English God
is not a man, to say what is false; or the son of man, that his purpose
may be changed: what he has said, will he not do? and will he not give
effect to the words of his mouth?
The Bishop's Bible (1568) God
is not a man that he should lye, neither the sonne of a ma that he
should repent: should he say & not do? or should he speake, and not
make it good?
The Amplified Bible And He Himself existed before all things, and in Him all things consist (cohere, are held together).
The Complete Jewish Bible He existed before all things, and he holds everything together.
American Standard Version and he is before all things, and in him all things consist.
Bible in Basic English He is before all things, and in him all things have being.
Dark matter is a form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe and about a quarter of its total energy density. Its presence is implied in a variety of astrophysical observations, including gravitational
effects that cannot be explained by accepted theories of gravity unless
more matter is present than can be seen. For this reason, most experts
think that dark matter is abundant in the universe and that it has had a
strong influence on its structure and evolution. Dark matter is called
dark because it does not appear to interact with observable electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and so it is undetectable by existing astronomical instruments.[1]
Because dark matter has not yet been observed directly, if it exists, it must barely interact with ordinary baryonic matter and radiation, except through gravity. Most dark matter is thought to be non-baryonic in nature; it may be composed of some as-yet undiscovered subatomic particles.[b] The primary candidate for dark matter is some new kind of elementary particle that has not yet been discovered, in particular, weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs).[13] Many experiments to directly detect and study dark matter particles are being actively undertaken, but none have yet succeeded.[14] Dark matter is classified as "cold", "warm", or "hot" according to its velocity (more precisely, its free streaming length). Current models favor a cold dark matter scenario, in which structures emerge by gradual accumulation of particles.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Jeremiah 23:24
The Amplified Bible Can anyone
hide himself in secret places so that I cannot see him? says the Lord.
Do not I fill heaven and earth? says the Lord.
The Complete Jewish Bible Can anyone hide in a place so secret that I won't see him?" asks ADONAI. ADONAI says, "Do I not fill heaven and earth?
Darby's Translation Can
any hide himself in secret places, that I shall not see him? saith
Jehovah. Do not I fill the heavens and the earth? saith Jehovah.
For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His
eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being
understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse.
It makes up about 85 percent of the total mass of the Universe, and yet, physicists still have no idea what dark matter actually is.
But
a new hypothesis might have gotten us closer to figuring out its
identity, because physicists now suspect that dark matter has been
changing forms this whole time - from ghostly particles in the
Universe's biggest structures, to a strange, superfluid state at smaller
scales. And we might soon have the tools to confirm it.
Dark matter is a hypothetical substance that was proposed almost a century ago to account for the clear imbalance between the amount of matter in the Universe, and the amount of gravity that holds our galaxies together.
We can't directly detect dark matter, but we can see its effects on everything around us - the way galaxies rotate and the way light bends as it travels through the Universe suggests there's far more at play than we're able to pick up.
And
now two physicists propose that dark matter has been changing the rules
this whole time, and that could explain why it's been so elusive.
The traditional view of dark matter is that it's made up of weakly interacting particles such as axions, which are influenced by the force of gravity in ways that we can observe at large scales.
This 'cold' form of dark matter can be used to predict how
massive clusters of galaxies will behave, and fits into what we know
about the 'cosmic web' of the Universe - scientists suggest that all
galaxies are connected within a vast intergalactic web made up of invisible filaments of dark matter.
But
when we scale down to individual galaxies and the way their stars
rotate in relation to the galactic centre, something just doesn't add
up.
"Most of the mass [in the Universe], which is dark matter, is
segregated from where most of the ordinary matter lies," University of
Pennsylvania physicist Justin Khoury explains in a press statement.
"On
a cosmic web scale, this does well in fitting with the observations. On
a galaxy cluster scale, it also does pretty well. However, when on the
scale of galaxies, it does not fit."
Khoury and his colleague Lasha Berezhiani, now at Princeton
University, suggest that the reason we can't reconcile dark matter's
behaviour on both large and small scales in the Universe is because it
can shift forms.
We've got the 'cold' dark matter particles for the massive
galaxy clusters, but on a singular galactic scale, they suggest that
dark matter takes on a superfluid state.
And as strange as they sound, superfluids are starting to appear more accessible than ever before, with researchers announcing just last week that they were able to create light that acts like a liquid - a form of superfluid - at room temperature for the first time.
The
more we come to understand superfluids, the more physicists are willing
to entertain the idea that they could be far more common in the
Universe than we thought.
"Superfluids
may exist inside neutron stars, and some researchers have speculated
that space-time itself may be a superfluid. So why shouldn't dark matter
have a superfluid phase, too?"
The idea is that the 'halos' of dark matter that exist around
individual galaxies create the conditions necessary to form a superfluid
- the gravitational pull of the galaxy ensures that it's densely
packed, and the coldness of space keeps the temperature suitably low.
Zoom out to a larger scale, and this gravitational pull becomes too weak to form a superfluid.
The key here is that the existence of superfluid dark matter could
explain the strange behaviours of individual galaxies that gravity alone
can't explain - it could be creating a second, as-yet-undefined force
that acts just like gravity within the dark matter halos surrounding
them.
As Ouellette explains, when you disturb an electric field, you get radio waves, and when you disturb a gravitational field, you get gravitational waves. When you disturb a superfluid? You get phonons (sound waves), and this extra force could work in addition to gravity.
"It's nice because you have an additional force on top of gravity, but it really is intrinsically linked to dark matter," Khoury told her. "It's a property of the dark matter medium that gives rise to this force."
We
should be clear that this hypothesis is yet to be peer-reviewed, so
this is all squarely in the realm of the hypothetical for now. But it's
been published on the pre-print website arXiv.org for researchers in the field to pick over.
A big thing it has going for it is the fact that it could also explain 'modified Newtonian dynamics'
(MOND) - a theory that says a modification of Newton's laws is needed
to account for specific properties that have been observed within
galaxies.
"In galaxies, there is superfluid movement of dark
matter and MOND applies. However, in galaxy clusters, there is no
superfluid movement of dark matter and MOND does not apply," the team suggests in a press statement.
Comments
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muspelheim
In Norse cosmology, Muspelheim (Old Norse: Múspellsheimr), also called Muspell (Old Norse: Múspell), is a realm of fire.
According to Norse myth there is said to be nine worlds. The Poetic Edda section Völuspá tells of them:
Muspelheim is described as a hot and glowing land of fire, home to the fire giants, and guarded by Surtr, with his flaming sword. It is featured in both the creation and destruction stories of Norse myth. According to the Prose Edda, A great time before the earth was made, Niflheim existed. Inside Niflheim was a well called Hvergelmer, from this well flowed numerous streams known as the Elivog. Their names were Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Finbul, Thul, Slid and Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll.[4] After a time these streams had traveled far from their source at Niflheim. So far that the venom that flowed within them hardened and turned to ice. When this ice eventually settled, rain rose up from it, and froze into rime. This ice then began to layer itself over the primordial void, Ginungagap. This made the northern portion of Ginungagap thick with ice, and storms begin to form within. However, in the southern region of Ginungagap glowing sparks were flying out of Muspelheim. When the heat and sparks from Muspelheim met the ice, it began to melt. These sparks would go on to create the Sun, Moon, and stars[5], and the drops would form the primeval being Ymir. "by the might of him who sent the heat, the drops quickened into life and took the likeness of a man, who got the name Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer"[4]
The Prose Edda section Gylfaginning foretells that the sons of Muspell will break the Bifröst bridge as part of the events of Ragnarök:
But still, we look to our planetary neighbors for places to visit and maybe even live. And Mars has all the attention nowadays: it's so hot right now, with everyone practically climbing over each other's rockets to get there in to build a nice little red home.
But what about Venus? It's about the same size as the Earth and the same mass. It's actually a little bit closer than Mars. It's definitely warmer than Mars. So why don't we try going for our sister planet instead of the red one?
Oh, that's right: Venus is basically hell.
head what the worst possible planet might be, and Venus is worse than that.
Let's start with the atmosphere. If you think that the smog in LA is bad, you should take a whiff of Venus. It's almost entirely carbon dioxide and chokingly thick with an atmospheric pressure at the surface 90 times that of Earth. That's the equivalent pressure of a mile beneath our ocean waves. It's so thick that you almost have to swim through it just to move around. Only 4% of that atmosphere is nitrogen, but that's more nitrogen total than there is in the Earth's atmosphere.
And sitting on top of this are clouds made of sulfuric acid. Yikes.
Sulfuric acid clouds are highly reflective, giving Venus its characteristic brilliant shine. The clouds are so reflective, and the rest of the atmosphere so thick, that less than 3% of the sun's light that reaches Venus actually makes it down to the surface. That means that you will only vaguely be aware of the difference between day and night.
But despite that lack of sunlight, the temperature on Venus is literally hot enough to melt lead, at over 700 degrees Fahrenheit (370 degrees Celsius) on average. In some places, in the deepest valleys, the temperature reaches over 750 degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius), which is enough for the ground itself to glow a dull red.
And speaking of day and night — Venus has one of the most peculiar rotations in the solar system. For one, it rotates backward, with the sun rising in the west and setting in the east. Second, it's incredibly slow, with one year lasting only two days.
Additionally, Venus once had plate tectonics that shut off long ago, and its crust is locked.
10 Fruits, Nuts, And Vegetables You Did Not Know Were Man-Made
Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts, collard greens, kohlrabi, and several closely related vegetables originated from the same plant species, Brassica oleracea. Its wild form is known as wild mustard and still exists today.
About 2,500 years ago, wild mustard only grew in some parts of Europe and the Mediterranean. Its taste varied greatly, depending on where it grew. Ancient Romans and Greeks soon realized that they could plant it for food. They engaged in selective breeding by planting seeds from wild mustard with larger leaves. The result was the vegetables that we call kale and collard greens.
Selective breeding continued in the 1600s when people bred wild mustard with bigger leaf buds. The result was a new vegetable covered with lots of leaves. This was the first cabbage. Wild mustard selected for its bigger stems became kohlrabi, the ones with small heads became brussels sprouts, and the ones with big flowers became broccoli and cauliflower.[1]
The hybridization of wild mustard and its derivatives continued up to the 20th century. In 1928, Russian biologist Georgii Dmintrievich Karpechenko crossed a radish with a cabbage to produce what he called the rabbage. The rabbage should have been impossible because the radish is not related to the cabbage.
However, the plant never caught on because it failed at being either a radish or a cabbage. In 1993, a Japanese company crossbred broccoli with kai-lan to create broccolini. Kai-lan is not popular in the US. It is a derivative of wild mustard and is the Chinese version of broccoli.
Many varieties of orange exist today. However, every variety traces its roots to the man-made hybrid created by crossing the pomelo with the mandarin. The pomelo is almost as bitter as the grapefruit, while the mandarin is sweet. The mandarin has an orange color, and some people misidentify it as a variety of the orange. Wrong! The mandarin is an ancestor of the orange.
The history of the orange is unclear, but it is believed to have first appeared in southern China. Over the years, humans have selectively bred oranges to create many varieties, making it easy to confuse the orange with other citrus fruits. To be clear, a fruit needs to have evolved from the pomelo and mandarin to be considered an orange.
A tangerine is not considered an orange because it evolved from the mandarin but not the pomelo. However, the tangelo, which we will talk about shortly, is in a gray area. It is a cross between a tangerine and a pomelo. And as we mentioned already, the tangerine was created from the mandarin.The modern peanut is a hybrid of two older types of peanuts, the Arachis ipaensis and the Arachis duranensis. The Arachis duranensis grows in the Andean valleys between Bolivia and Argentina, while the Arachis ipaensis grows inside Bolivia.
Both plants were so far apart that they couldn’t have crossbred naturally. Researchers discovered that the earliest settlers in South America took the Arachis duranensis from the Andean valleys as they migrated into today’s Bolivia 10,000 years ago.
The banana is a man-made hybrid of the wild Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana banana species. Musa acuminata has a fleshy inside, but it has a very unpleasant taste. Musa balbisiana has a pleasant-tasting inside but contains too many seeds.
Both bananas naturally crossbred in the forests of South Asia. However, the resultant banana, which is the ancestor of the modern banana, was sterile. About 10,000 years ago, early humans discovered the hybrid and learned that they could replant the shoots to create new trees. They engaged in selective breeding and only replanted bananas with favorable traits. This led to the creation of the modern banana.
The almond is a man-made hybrid of the wild almond, which is notoriously bitter and could be deadly when consumed in considerable amounts. The history of the almond is unclear, and scientists cannot determine which variant of the wild almond was selectively bred to create the modern almond.[5]
Scientists suspect that the wild ancestor of the almond is the Amygdalus fenzliana (Fritsch) Lipsky because its trees, seeds, and fruits resemble the modern almond. It is also found in Armenia and Azerbaijan, where the modern almond is believed to have been selectively bred by humans. Besides the origin, scientists cannot determine how our ancestors managed to create a perfect and sweet almond because the almond is poisonous.
The grapefruit first appeared after 1693 when a Captain Shaddock transported some pomelo seeds to the West Indies and planted them close to some orange trees. The pomelo and orange later cross-pollinated to create the grapefruit. However, the grapefruit was still unknown outside the Caribbean.
As we mentioned earlier, the tangelo is a man-made hybrid of the tangerine and the pomelo. In fact, that’s where the tangelo got its name. However, it is common for people to confuse the tangelo with the tangerine, mandarin, and orange.
To add to the confusion, there are different varieties of tangelos and all are not necessarily created from tangerines and pomelos. One common variant, the Minneola tangelo, is a hybrid of the tangerine and Duncan grapefruit. Another variant was created by crossing a mandarin with a pomelo, which technically makes it an orange.
The tangelo is believed to have first appeared in the forests of Southeast Asia 3,500 years ago when insects cross-pollinated the mandarin with a fruit that is closely related to the grapefruit. However, today’s tangelos are the result of a selective breeding program that started in the 1800sCarrots have not always been orange. Natural carrots were either white or purple and probably inedible. There are accounts that white carrots were eaten in the Roman Empire, but historians believe that they could be parsnips, white carrots, or both. The orange carrot is a hybrid of the yellow carrot, which is a hybrid of the white carrot.
The earliest-known ancestor of the modern consumable carrot appeared in Persia in the 10th century. Some accounts say it was white, and others say it was purple. Unlike today’s carrots, those vegetables had lots of smaller roots of varying sizes. The Persians selectively bred the carrots with the biggest roots to create bigger roots and, ultimately, a big single root.
The modern strawberry is a man-made hybrid of the smaller wild strawberry, which has a shorter shelf life as well as a better flavor and aroma. The modern strawberry first appeared in France in the 18th century. However, the hybridization program began much earlier.
In the 1300s, French botanists started planting wild strawberries in their gardens when they realized that wild strawberries reproduced by cloning. Strangely, some strawberries never produced fruits and half of the ones that did suddenly stopped cloning and making fruits after some years.
The French managed to create wild strawberries that were 15–20 times their normal size, but they were still incredibly small. Antoine Nicolas Duchesne created the modern strawberry on July 6, 1764, when he crossed a male Fragaria moschata with a female Fragaria chiloensis from ChileNot much is known about the native life of the world, most noteworthy is the Yautja, but there also seems to be a plethora of wildlife.
Sapient
Non-Sapient
The Vy'drach, also nicknamed the Phoenix, is a winged beast inhabiting the radioactive infernal deserts of Yautja Prime, surviving radiation strong enough to kill most life forms.
In Yautja Culture
As a rite of passage, every aspiring Yautja Spear Master must kill a Vy'drach while armed only with a spear. If the Yautja kills the Vy'drach, its hide is fashioned into armour which its nemesis wears for life. Like the Vy'drach itself, this armor is highly resistant to fire, electricity, and radiation.
The Quatza-Rij is a creature native to Yautja Prime, the homeworld of the Yautja. They are known as one of the fiercest creatures indigenous to Yautja Prime.
Amos 9
Strike the capitals until the thresholds shake, and shatter them on the heads of all the people; and those who are left I will kill with the sword; not one of them shall flee away, not one of them shall escape. 2 Though they dig into Sheol, from there shall my hand take them; though they climb up to heaven, from there I will bring them down. 3 Though they hide themselves on the top of Carmel, from there I will search out and take them; and though they hide from my sight at the bottom of the sea, there I will command the sea-serpent, and it shall bite them. 4 And though they go into captivity in front of their enemies, there I will command the sword, and it shall kill them; and I will fix my eyes on them for harm and not for good. 5 The Lord, God of hosts, he who touches the earth and it melts, and all who live in it mourn, and all of it rises like the Nile, and sinks again, like the Nile of Egypt;
Numbers 23:19
American Standard Version
God is not a man, that he should lie, Neither the son of man, that he should repent: Hath he said, and will he not do it? Or hath he spoken, and will he not make it good?
The Complete Jewish Bible
"God is not a human who lies or a mortal who changes his mind. When he says something, he will do it; when he makes a promise, he will fulfill it.
Darby's Translation
�God is not a man, that he should lie; neither a son of man, that he should repent. Shall he say and not do? and shall he speak and not make it good?
Bible in Basic English
God is not a man, to say what is false; or the son of man, that his purpose may be changed: what he has said, will he not do? and will he not give effect to the words of his mouth?
The Bishop's Bible (1568)
God is not a man that he should lye, neither the sonne of a ma that he should repent: should he say & not do? or should he speake, and not make it good?
The Amplified Bible
And He Himself existed before all things, and in Him all things consist (cohere, are held together).
The Complete Jewish Bible
He existed before all things, and he holds everything together.
American Standard Version
and he is before all things, and in him all things consist.
Bible in Basic English
He is before all things, and in him all things have being.
Dark matter is a form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe and about a quarter of its total energy density. Its presence is implied in a variety of astrophysical observations, including gravitational effects that cannot be explained by accepted theories of gravity unless more matter is present than can be seen. For this reason, most experts think that dark matter is abundant in the universe and that it has had a strong influence on its structure and evolution. Dark matter is called dark because it does not appear to interact with observable electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and so it is undetectable by existing astronomical instruments.[1]
Primary evidence for dark matter comes from calculations showing that many galaxies would fly apart, or that they would not have formed or would not move as they do, if they did not contain a large amount of unseen matter.[2] Other lines of evidence include observations in gravitational lensing[3] and in the cosmic microwave background, along with astronomical observations of the observable universe's current structure, the formation and evolution of galaxies, mass location during galactic collisions,[4] and the motion of galaxies within galaxy clusters. In the standard Lambda-CDM model of cosmology, the total mass–energy of the universe contains 5% ordinary matter and energy, 27% dark matter and 68% of an unknown form of energy known as dark energy.[5][6][7][8] Thus, dark matter constitutes 85%[a] of total mass, while dark energy plus dark matter constitute 95% of total mass–energy content.[9][10][11][12]
Because dark matter has not yet been observed directly, if it exists, it must barely interact with ordinary baryonic matter and radiation, except through gravity. Most dark matter is thought to be non-baryonic in nature; it may be composed of some as-yet undiscovered subatomic particles.[b] The primary candidate for dark matter is some new kind of elementary particle that has not yet been discovered, in particular, weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs).[13] Many experiments to directly detect and study dark matter particles are being actively undertaken, but none have yet succeeded.[14] Dark matter is classified as "cold", "warm", or "hot" according to its velocity (more precisely, its free streaming length). Current models favor a cold dark matter scenario, in which structures emerge by gradual accumulation of particles.
Jeremiah 23:24
The Amplified Bible
Can anyone hide himself in secret places so that I cannot see him? says the Lord. Do not I fill heaven and earth? says the Lord.
The Complete Jewish Bible
Can anyone hide in a place so secret that I won't see him?" asks ADONAI. ADONAI says, "Do I not fill heaven and earth?
Darby's Translation
Can any hide himself in secret places, that I shall not see him? saith Jehovah. Do not I fill the heavens and the earth? saith Jehovah.
who alone possesses immortality and dwells in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see To Him be honor and eternal dominion!
But He said, "You cannot see My face, for no man can see Me and live!"
"Were He to pass by me, I would not see Him; Were He to move past me, I would not perceive Him.
"Behold, I go forward but He is not there, And backward, but I cannot perceive Him;
Now to the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only God, be honor and glory forever and ever.
No one has seen God at any time; if we love one another, God abides in us, and His love is perfected in us.
For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse.
It makes up about 85 percent of the total mass of the Universe, and yet, physicists still have no idea what dark matter actually is.
But a new hypothesis might have gotten us closer to figuring out its identity, because physicists now suspect that dark matter has been changing forms this whole time - from ghostly particles in the Universe's biggest structures, to a strange, superfluid state at smaller scales. And we might soon have the tools to confirm it.
Dark matter is a hypothetical substance that was proposed almost a century ago to account for the clear imbalance between the amount of matter in the Universe, and the amount of gravity that holds our galaxies together.
We can't directly detect dark matter, but we can see its effects on everything around us - the way galaxies rotate and the way light bends as it travels through the Universe suggests there's far more at play than we're able to pick up.
And now two physicists propose that dark matter has been changing the rules this whole time, and that could explain why it's been so elusive.
The traditional view of dark matter is that it's made up of weakly interacting particles such as axions, which are influenced by the force of gravity in ways that we can observe at large scales.
This 'cold' form of dark matter can be used to predict how massive clusters of galaxies will behave, and fits into what we know about the 'cosmic web' of the Universe - scientists suggest that all galaxies are connected within a vast intergalactic web made up of invisible filaments of dark matter.
But when we scale down to individual galaxies and the way their stars rotate in relation to the galactic centre, something just doesn't add up.
"Most of the mass [in the Universe], which is dark matter, is segregated from where most of the ordinary matter lies," University of Pennsylvania physicist Justin Khoury explains in a press statement.
"On a cosmic web scale, this does well in fitting with the observations. On a galaxy cluster scale, it also does pretty well. However, when on the scale of galaxies, it does not fit."
Khoury and his colleague Lasha Berezhiani, now at Princeton University, suggest that the reason we can't reconcile dark matter's behaviour on both large and small scales in the Universe is because it can shift forms.
We've got the 'cold' dark matter particles for the massive galaxy clusters, but on a singular galactic scale, they suggest that dark matter takes on a superfluid state.
Superfluids are a form of cold, densely packed matter that has zero friction and viscosity, and can sometimes become a Bose-Einstein condensate, referred to as the 'fifth state of matter'.
And as strange as they sound, superfluids are starting to appear more accessible than ever before, with researchers announcing just last week that they were able to create light that acts like a liquid - a form of superfluid - at room temperature for the first time.
The more we come to understand superfluids, the more physicists are willing to entertain the idea that they could be far more common in the Universe than we thought.
"Recently, more physicists have warmed to the possibility of superfluid phases forming naturally in the extreme conditions of space," Jennifer Ouellette explains for Quanta Magazine.
"Superfluids may exist inside neutron stars, and some researchers have speculated that space-time itself may be a superfluid. So why shouldn't dark matter have a superfluid phase, too?"
The idea is that the 'halos' of dark matter that exist around individual galaxies create the conditions necessary to form a superfluid - the gravitational pull of the galaxy ensures that it's densely packed, and the coldness of space keeps the temperature suitably low.
Zoom out to a larger scale, and this gravitational pull becomes too weak to form a superfluid.
The key here is that the existence of superfluid dark matter could explain the strange behaviours of individual galaxies that gravity alone can't explain - it could be creating a second, as-yet-undefined force that acts just like gravity within the dark matter halos surrounding them.
As Ouellette explains, when you disturb an electric field, you get radio waves, and when you disturb a gravitational field, you get gravitational waves. When you disturb a superfluid? You get phonons (sound waves), and this extra force could work in addition to gravity.
"It's nice because you have an additional force on top of gravity, but it really is intrinsically linked to dark matter," Khoury told her. "It's a property of the dark matter medium that gives rise to this force."
We should be clear that this hypothesis is yet to be peer-reviewed, so this is all squarely in the realm of the hypothetical for now. But it's been published on the pre-print website arXiv.org for researchers in the field to pick over.
A big thing it has going for it is the fact that it could also explain 'modified Newtonian dynamics' (MOND) - a theory that says a modification of Newton's laws is needed to account for specific properties that have been observed within galaxies.
"In galaxies, there is superfluid movement of dark matter and MOND applies. However, in galaxy clusters, there is no superfluid movement of dark matter and MOND does not apply," the team suggests in a press statement.